•Bosnia and Herzegovina is an endemic for brucellosis in Southeastern Europe.•B. melitensis shows low rates of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials.•A high rate of resistance was observed with ...azithromycin in all three broth media.•The high rate of Brucella resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/S) is abolished in alternative broths.•Thymine- and thymidine-depleted broths should be used to test susceptibility for T/S.
Brucellosis is a ubiquitous emergent bacterial zoonotic disease causing significant human morbidity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. So far, a high rate of resistant Brucella has been found worldwide. This study prospectively analysed the rates of resistance among human Brucella melitensis strains isolated in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
This study included 108 B. melitensis isolates from 209 patients diagnosed at five medical centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The resistance profiles of the B. melitensis isolates for the 13 most commonly used antimicrobials were studied in standard Brucella broth (BB) and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) supplemented with 4% lysed horse blood or 5% defibrinated sheep blood.
Of the 209 patients, B. melitensis blood cultures were positive for 111 (53.1%). Among the 108 isolates investigated, 91 (84.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on BB, but not on either CAMHB. Nearly all isolates (>90%) were resistant to azithromycin on BB and both CAMHBs.
We observed a high rate of B. melitensis resistance to azithromycin. The high rate of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole that we observed was related to BB, so an alternative broth should be used, such as the enriched CAMHBs in this study, for evaluating resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Whole-genome sequencing studies are needed to understand the development of antimicrobial resistance in B. melitensis strains isolated from humans.
Brucellosis in swine was surveyed from 2011 to 2015 in 13 counties in Croatia. A total of 3230 breeding males were tested serologically, and positive reactions were confirmed in 42 (1.3%) males from ...17 farms. A total of 641 sows with abortion or reproductive problems were tested, and positive reactions were confirmed in 34 (5.3%). Organs from 68 swine were tested for bacteria, and Brucella spp. was isolated from 47 (69.1%). B. suis was identified in 45 isolates from domestic swine and 2 isolates from wild boar in six counties in Croatia, and all isolates were found to be B. suis biovar 2 based on Bru-up/Bru-low, Bruce-ladder, Suis-ladder and RFLP-based PCR assays. These results indicate that brucellosis is difficult to eradicate in free-range and semi-free-range swine farming, particularly in areas where contact with wild boar is possible. Further disease control measures are required.Key words: Brucella suis biovar 2; swine; abortion; prevalence; CroatiaBRUCELOZA PRAŠIČEV, POVZROČENA Z BAKTERIJO Brucella suis BIOVAR 2 NA HRVAŠKEMBrucelozo pri prašičih smo spremljali od leta 2011 do leta 2015 v 13 hrvaških občinah. S serološko analizo smo preverili prisotnost bruceloze pri 3230 samcih v razplodu. Pozitivne reakcije smo ugotovili pri skupno 42 merjascih s 17 farm, kar predstavlja 1,3 % živali. S serološkimi testi smo preverili prisotnost protiteles proti bruceli tudi pri 641 plemenskih svinjah, ki so zvrgle ali imele težave z zabrejitvijo. Pozitivna reakcija je bila ugotovljena pri 34 svinjah, kar predstavlja 5,3 % vseh testiranih živali. Notranje organe 68 svinj iz šestih občin smo uporabili za osamitev bakterij Brucella spp. Bakterije smo ugotovili pri 47 vzorcih (69,1 %). Bakterijo Brucella suis smo odkrili v vseh 47 vzorcih, izmed katerih jih je bilo 45 od domačih plemenskih svinj, dva vzorca pa sta bila od divjih svinj. Vse izolirane bakterije so pripadale sevu B. suis biovar 2, kot so pokazale dodatne analize z uporabo metod Bruup/Bru-low, Bruce-ladder, Suis-ladder in RFLP. Ti rezultati kažejo, da je popolno izkoreninjenje bruceloze težavno, še posebej v prostih rejah prašičev, kjer obstajajo možnosti stika z divjimi prašiči. Zato bi bilo v prihodnje potrebno razmisliti o dodatnih načinih nadzora nad to nevarno boleznijo prašičev.Ključne besede: Brucella suis biovar 2; prašiči; zvrg; pojavnost; Hrvaška
Tuberkuloza je imala velik utjecaj na povijest čovječanstva pa tako i na umjetnost. Što bi umjetnički geniji iz svijeta književnosti, glazbe i slikarstva stvorili da nisu umrli vrlo mladi? U ...radu je prikazan utjecaj tuberkuloze na stvaranje umjetnika koji su bolovali od tuberkuloze. Tijekom romantizma pojavilo se mišljenje da tuberkuloza u oboljelih povećava kreativne sposobnosti. Među piscima koji su oboljeli od tuberkuloze bili su poznati njemački pisci: Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller i Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Tuberkulozan je bio i pisao o tubekulozi Lord Gordon Byron, a i Edgar Allan Poe je još kao dijete ostao bez roditelja oboljenih od tubekuloze, a i sam je umro od te bolesti. John Keats, engleski pjesnik, a i cijela njegova obitelj umrli su od tuberkuloze; od tuberkuloze je umro i ruski književnik Anton Pavlovič Čehov. Obitelj Brontë jedna je od najtragičnijih, ali isto tako i najtalentiranijih književnih obitelji. Svi su kao vrlo mladi umrli od tuberkuloze. Antun Branko Šimić, jedan od najvećih hrvatskih pjesnika, umro je od tuberkuloze u 27. godini života. Iako nije dugo živio, A. B. Šimić ostavio je iznimno bogati knjiženi opus. Mnogobrojna obitelj, otac i braća Ive Andrića književnika i dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za kniževnost umrli su od tuberkuloze, a i sam Ivo Andrić je dugo bolovao od te bolesti. U operama “La Traviata” Giuseppea Verdija i “La bohème” Giacoma Puccinija tematizirana je bolest toga vremena. tuberkuloza. Frederic Chopin, utjelovljenje je romantičarskog umjetnika, ne samo zbog pripadnosti stilskom razdoblju romantizma, već i zbog svog života ispunjenog događajima, osobnih i društvenih patnji. Umro je u 39. godini od tuberkuloze i uz velike je počasti pokopan na groblju Père Lachasie u Parizu, a njegovo je srce, potajno, prenijeto u Varšavu, gdje je uzidano u jedan stup crkve Svetoga Križa. Tuberkuloza je bila zastupljena i u likovnoj umjetnosti. Talijanski slikar Amadeo Modigliani, u početku svog umjetničkog rada želio je postati kipar, ali tjelesni napor prilikom klesanja, prašina i kašalj odvratili su ga od klesanja i vratili slikarstvu. Umro je od tuberkuloze u 36. godini života. Ferdinandu Hodleru, švicarskom slikaru, otac, majka, braća i sestre umrli su od tuberkuloze. Ovo teško iskustvo bolesti i smrti odrazilo se na njegovo slikarstvo. Edvard Munch, samouki norveški slikar bio je duboko pogođen smrću voljenih članova obitelji. Mračna raspoloženja tjeskobe i očaja ogledavaju se na njegovim platnima. Opisani su i mnogi hrvatski slikari oboljeli ili umrli od tuberkuloze: (Slava Raškaj umrla je u 29. godini života, Miroslav Kraljević u 28., Milan Steiner u 25., Tomislav Kolombar u 21. godina života). Usprkos njihovim kratkim životima, svaki je od njih ostvario izniman, cjelovit i znatan umjetnički opus.
Tuberculosis has had an immeasurable impact on the history of mankind, including art. What would an artistic genius have brought into the world of books, music or painting had they not died very young? The influence of tuberculosis on artistic activity and artists suffering from it are presented. During the period of Romanticism, there was the myth that tuberculosis increased creative abilities among the afflicted. Writers suffering from tuberculosis included the renowned German writers Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller and Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Lord Gordon Byron wrote about tuberculosis, while Edgar Allan Poe lost his parents to tuberculosis as a child, and later himself died of it. The English poet John Keats perished from the disease, together with his entire family, as did Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The Brontë family is one of the most tragic but also the most talented literary families, with all its members dying of tuberculosis at a very young age. Antun Branko Simic, one of Croatia’s greatest poets, died of tuberculosis at the age of 27. Despite his short life, he left an extraordinary literary legacy. Ivo Andric, writer and Nobel Prize laureate for literature suffered from the disease for a long time, while his father and brothers died of it. The operas La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi and La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini were met with a great problem at the time, tuberculosis. Frederic Chopin is the incarnation of a Romantic artist, not only because he belongs to the stylistic period of Romanticism, but also because of his life marked with personal and social suffering. He died at the age of 39 from tuberculosis and was interred with great honours at the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris, while his heart was secretly transferred to Warsaw, where it was built into a column in the Church of the Holy Cross. Tuberculosis is widely represented in the fine arts. An example is Italian painter Amadeo Modigliani, who initially wanted to become a sculptor. However, the physical effort involved in stonemasonry, dust and cough eventually distracted him from sculpting and brought him back to painting. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 36. Ferdinand Hodler, a Swiss painter, lost his parents and all of his siblings to tuberculosis. This great experience of illness and death in his youth was reflected in his painting. Edvard Munch, a self-taught Norwegian painter, was deeply affected by the death of loved family members, reflected by the dark moods of anxiety and despair in his paintings. Many Croatian painters also suffered from the disease, and some died, such as Slava Raškaj, who died at the age of 29, then Miroslav Kraljevic, at the age of 28, Milan Steiner at the age of 25, or Tomislav Kolombar, at the age of 20. Despite their short life spans, each of these artists achieved an exceptional, complete and significant opus.
spp. that cause marine brucellosis are becoming more important, as the disease appears to be more widespread than originally thought. Here, we report a whole and annotated genome sequence of
CRO350, ...a sequence type 27 strain isolated from a bottlenose dolphin carcass found in the Croatian part of the northern Adriatic Sea.
Bolesti su kroz čitavu povijest imale veliki utjecaj na razvoj i prosperitet čovječanstva, pobuđivale su pozornost zbog masovnosti pojave, velike smrtnosti među oboljelima i dalekosežnih posljedica ...koje su prouzročile. Zbog straha od gubitka zdravlja i nestanka života, bolest i smrt oduvijek su bile čovjekove bitne preokupacije. Velike epidemije su tijekom povijesti odlučivale o sudbini pojedinih naroda, slabile su snagu moćnih i velikih sila, prouzročile glad i bijedu. Epidemije velikih boginja, kuge, malarije, sifilisa, kolere, pjegavog tifusa, lepre i tuberkuloze obilježile su povijesti i bile su stalni pratitelj stradanja, nesreća i patnji ljudi tijekom minulih stoljeća. U XX. stoljeću „španjolska gripa ‒ majka svih pandemija“ obilježila je početak stoljeća, a pred kraj tog stoljeća pojava AIDS-a, svojom pojavom i posljedicama prestrašila je svijet. I u novom tisućljeću bolesti predstavljaju veliku i stalnu prijetnju današnjem društvu i dalje su jedan od najvećih ubojica u svijetu. Danas od zaraznih bolesti godišnje umire približno 15 milijuna ljudi. Pojava pandemije s COVID-19, najveće epidemije u XXI. stoljeću u iznimno kratkom vremenu promijenila je svijet i svijet je na koljenima. Ne mimoilazi ni bogate i svjetski snažne države ni državnike. Taj strah svakako postaje veći i opravdaniji kada Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija napominje da je čovječanstvo u ozbiljnoj i strašnoj opasnosti. Jedno je sigurno, a to je da nas pojava epidemije različitih bolesti potakne na duboko razmišljanje o budućnosti koja u tom slučaju postaje neizvjesna, remeti naše planove, korigira i usporava ciljeve.
Throughout history, diseases have had a major impact on the development and prosperity of humankind. They arouse attention due to their mass occurrence, high mortality rates among the affected, and the far-reaching consequences caused. Due to the fear of loss of health and life, illness and death have always been an essential preoccupation for humans. During the past, great epidemics have decided the fate of individual nations, weakened the strength of large and powerful armies, caused hunger and misery. Epidemics of smallpox, plague, malaria, syphilis, cholera, epidemic typhus, and tuberculosis have marked history and been a constant companion to human suffering over many centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century there was the Spanish flu, called the „mother of all pandemics”, and by the end of the century, the appearance of AIDS frightened the world. It is clear that even in the new millennium, disease poses a strong and constant threat to society and continues to be one of the greatest killers in the world, with approximately 15 million people per year dying of infectious diseases today. The rapid appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest epidemic in the 21st century, has brought the world to its knees. Even wealthy nations and statesmen have not been bypassed. This fear is certainly becoming more justified with the assessment of the World Health Organization that humanity is in grave and terrible danger. One thing is certain: the occurrence of an epidemic prompts us to think deeply about the future, which quickly becomes uncertain, all plans disrupted, and goals shifted and slowed.
Tijekom povijesti postojale su teorije o načinu postanka i širenja tuberkuloze. Pret- postavlja se da je M. tuberculosis tijekom po- vijesti ubio više ljudi nego bilo koji drugi pato- geni ...mikroorganizam. Tuberkuloza je pratitelj ljudskoga roda od prapovijesti do danas. Postoje mnogi arheološki nalazi o tuberkulozi u zemalja diljem Europe stoljeća nakon pada Rimskog carstva. U srednjem vijeku je manje zapisa o tuberkulozi, što ne znači da je ona i nestala. Tijekom XVI. i XVII., stoljeća tuberku- loza je prouzročila gotovo 20 % svih smrtnih slučajeva. Smatra se da je smrtnost sredinom i krajem kasnog XVIII. i početkom XIX. stoljeća porasla, a zatim je počela opadati. Početkom XIX. stoljeća zbog industrijske revolucije i velike migracije ljudi iz ruralnih područja u gradove u potrazi za poslom pogoršavale su situaciju i pridonijele širenju tuberkuloze. Posljedice Prvog i Drugog svjetskog rata početkom i polovicom XX. stoljeća prouzročile su ponovno znatno širenje tuberkuloze. Po- lovicom XX. stoljeća otkriveni su prvi lijekovi protiv tuberkuloze, a kasnije i mnogi drugi te je nastala nova era liječenja i suzbijanja tuber- kuloze. Novi protokol liječenja tuberkuloze, zajedno s BCG-om, u zapadnom svijetu sman- jio je umiranje od tuberkuloze za gotovo 90 %. Tuberkuloza se javlja u svakom dijelu svijeta i postaje najvećim uzrokom smrtnosti odraslih osoba te se svrstava među 10 najvećih uzroka smrti u svijetu. U svijetu godišnje oboli oko 10 milijuna ljudi, više od 1,5 milijun ih umre, a oko 0,5 milijuna je otporno već na prvu liniju lijekova protiv tuberkuloze. Procjenjuje se da je jedna četvrtina (oko 2 milijarde) svjetske populacije zaražena uzročnicima tuberkuloze, a 5 do 15 % njih razboljet će se i razviti aktivnu tuberkulozu. Nova era globalnog monitor- inga tuberkuloze u okviru Programa Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije “The End of TB Strat- egy” sadrži viziju svijeta bez tuberkuloze i obuhvaća kraj epidemijske pojave tuberkuloze do 2035. godine.
Throughout history, there were theories about the way it was origin, the spread of tuberculosis. It is assumed that M. tuberculosis has killed more people in human history than any other pathogenic microorganism. Tuberculosis is the companion of the human race from prehistory until today. There are many archaeological evidence of tuberculosis from countries across Europe in the centuries since the fall of the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, records of tuberculosis became less frequent, but that did not that it had disappeared. During the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, tuberculosis caused almost 20% of all deaths. Mortality is believed to have risen during the mid - and late XVIIIth and early XIXth century, and then began to decline. At the beginning of the 19th century, the industrial revolution and the large migration of people looking for work from rural areas to towns exacerbated the situation and contributed to the spread of tuberculosis. The consequences of the First and Second World Wars at the beginning and half of the XX century cause a remarkable spread of tuberculosis. In the mid-XX century, the first anti-tuberculosis drugs were discovered, and later many others were discovered, and a new era of treatment and suppression of tuberculosis was created. The new treatment of tuberculosis, together with BCG, in the western world reduced tuberculosis death by nearly 90%. Tuberculosis occurs in every part of the world and remains the greatest cause of adult mortality and ranks among the 10 largest causes of death in the world. In the world, about 10 million people get sick each year, more than 1.5 million die, and about 0.5 million are resistant to the first line of anti- tuberculosis drugs. It is estimated that one fourth (approximately 2 billion) of the world population is infected with the causes of tuberculosis and that approximately 5 to 15% of these people will become ill and develop active tuberculosis. The new era of global tuberculosis monitoring within the World Health Organisation programme “The End of TB Strategy” contains a vision of a world without tuberculosis and encompasses the end of an epidemic outbreak of tuberculosis by 2035.
The aim of this study was to monitor the biochemical and chemical parameters of the blood of commercial chickens following treatment with one of three coccidiostats: maduramycin, monensin or ...diclazuril. Chickens received feed treated with maduramycin at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1, monensin at 125, 225 and 325 mg kg-1 or diclazuril at 1, 5 and 10 mg kg-1. A control group of chickens consumed feed without the addition of coccidiostats. Following treatment, blood was sampled for 11 days and analysed for the following biochemical and chemical parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bile acid (BA), creatine kinase (CK), uric acid (UA), glucose (GLU), cholic acid (CA), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and phosphorus (PHOS). Administration of different concentrations of maduramycin, monensin and diclazuril did not affect the concentration of the parameters AST, UA, GLU, BA, TP, ALB, GLOB and PHOS in experimental groups of broilers in relation to the control group. However, significant differences were observed in the concentrations of CK and CA between the experimental and control groups. Significant differences were also found in the concentrations of AST, CA and UA between experimental groups. Key words: maduramycin; monensin; diclazuril; chickens; biochemical and chemical parameters SPREMEMBE BIOKEMIJSKIH IN KEMIJSKIH PARAMETROV V KRVI KOKOŠI PO ZDRAVLJENJU Z MADURAMICINOM, MONENZINOM IN DIKLAZURILOM Namen raziskave je bil spremljanje biokemijskih in kemijskih parametrov krvi industrijsko gojenih piščancev po zdravljenju z enim od treh kokcidiostatikov: maduramicinom, monenzinom ali diklazurilom. Piščanci so dobivali krmo z maduramicinom v koncentracijah 5, 10 in 15 mg/kg, monenzin v koncentracijah 125, 225 in 325 mg/kg ali diklazuril v koncentracijah 1, 5 in 10 mg/kg. Kontrolna skupina piščancev je dobila krmo brez dodatka kokcidiostatikov. Enajsti dan po zdravljenju je bila piščancem odvzeta kri in analizirani so bili naslednji biokemijski in kemijski parametri: koncentracija aspartatne aminotransferaze (AST), žolčnih kislin (BA), kreatininske kinaze (CK), sečne kisline (UA), glukoze (Glu), skupnih beljakovin (TP), albuminov (ALB), globulinov (GLOB) in fosforja (Phos). Dodajanje različnih koncentracij maduramicina, monenzina in diklazurila ni vplivalo na koncentracijo parametrov AST, UA, Glu, BA, TP, ALB, GLOB in Phos v poskusnih skupinah pitovnih piščancev v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino. Statistično značilne razlike so bile ugotovljene v koncentracijah CK in CA med poskusnimi in kontrolno skupino. Značilne razlike so bile ugotovljene tudi v koncentracijah AST, CA in UA med posameznimi poskusnimi skupinami. Ključne besede: maduramicin; monenzin; diklazuril; piščanci; biokemijski in kemijski parametri
Tuberkuloza je drevna bolest i oduvijek je bila neizostavni dio životne zajednice ljudi. Tijekom povijesti ostavila je duboki pečat ne samo u medicini već je bila širi društveno-socijalni fenomen. ...Deskriptivna paleopatologija početkom XX. stoljeća počela je opisivati promjene koje su prouzročene tuberkulozom na kostima, a napredak molekularne biologije presudno je doprinio dijagnozi tuberkuloze na drevnim uzorcima. Suvremenim tehnikama molekularne genetike i sekvencioniranjem genoma omogućena je preciznija procjena vremena nastanka mikobakterija. Sadašnje spoznaje govore da uzročnik tuberkuloze vrlo star, stariji od uzročnika kuge, tifusa ili malarije. Najstariji dokaz prisutnosti tuberkuloze u čovjeka pronađen je na kosturima u Izraelu (lokalitet Atlit Yam) (oko 9000 g. pr. Kr.). Postoje mnogi dokazi tuberkuloze na kostima mumija u starom Egiptu (2500 g. pr. Kr.). U klasičnoj Grčkoj postoje opis bolesti koju su nazivali phthisis (ftiza). Ftiza (sušica) je sinonim za kroničnu tuberkulozu pluća, kada se bolesnik u terminalnom stadiju „sasušio“ i izgledao kao „kost i koža“. U srednjem vijeku pojavio se opis skrofule (tuberkulozni adenitis vrata), poznata kao King’s Evil i dugo se vjerovalo da je može izliječiti kraljev dodir. U Hrvatskoj su u groba u Ivankovu nedaleko Vinkovaca okvirno datiranog u XVI. stoljeće otkrivene morfološke promjene s koštanom tuberkulozom - kifotična deformacija. Za nove spoznaje o tuberkulozi svako je zaslužan Teophile Laënnec, francuski liječnik koji je izumio stetoskop i slušanjem tjelesnih zvukova detaljno je opisao različite stadije tuberkuloze temeljene na auskultaciji. Francuski vojni kirurg Jean Antoine Villemin, pokusima je dokazao da je tuberkuloza prenosiva bolest i bio je među pionirima koji su pridonijeli razumijevanju bolesti. Povijest tuberkuloze najsnažnije je obilježio Robert Koch koji je 1882. godine otkrio uzročnika tuberkuloze, a 1905., dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju i medicinu za istraživanje i otkriće uzročnika tuberkuloze. Umro je 1910. godine u Baden Badenu, Njemačka.
Tuberculosis is an ancient disease and has always been an essential part of the human community. Throughout history, it has left a deep mark not only in medicine, but also as a social phenomenon. Descriptive palaeopathology in the early 17th century began to describe changes caused by bone tuberculosis, and advancements in molecular biology decisively have contributed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis on ancient samples. Modern techniques of molecular genetics and genome sequencing enable a more precise estimate of the time of formation of mycobacteria. Current findings suggest that the tuberculosis agent is very old, older than the agents of the plague, typhoid or malaria. The oldest evidence of tuberculosis in humans was found on skeletons in Israel (Atlit Yam site; about 9000 BC). There is wide evidence of tuberculosis on mummy bones in ancient Egypt (2500 BC). In ancient Greece, there was a description of a disease called phthisis. Phthisis is synonymous with chronic lung tuberculosis, when the patient “dried up” in the terminal stages and resembled “skin and bones”. In the Middle Ages, a description of scrofula (tuberculosis adenitis of the neck), known as King’s evil, appeared to have long been believed to be cured by the king’s touch. In Croatia, morphological changes with bone tuberculosis - a kyphotic deformation - were discovered in graves in Ivankovo near Vinkovci, dating back almost to the 16th century. Teophile Laënnec, the French doctor who invented the stethoscope, gave detailed descriptions of the different stages of ausculation-based tuberculosis. French military surgeon Jean Antoine Villemin conducted a series of experiments to prove that tuberculosis is a contagious disease, and he was among the pioneers who contributed to understanding the disease. The history of tuberculosis was strongly characterized by Robert Koch, who discovered the cause of tuberculosis in 1882, receiving the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1905 for his research and detection of the causes of tuberculosis. He died in 1910 in Baden Baden, Germany.
Otkriće uzročnika tuberkuloze M. tuberculosis 1882. godine bilo je jedno od najvažnijih otkrića u povijesti medicine, osobito u bakteriologiji. Obzirom da uzročnika tuberkuloze nije bilo moguće ...liječiti, postojali su mnogi pokušaji da se tuberkuloznim bolesnicima pomogne. Njemački liječnik Hermann Brehmer izgradio je prvi sanatorij 1857. godine u Görbersdorfu u Njemačkoj za liječenje i oporavak tuberkuloznih bolesnika. Jedan od osnivača lječilišta za tuberkulozu u Hrvatskoj (Brestovac na Sljemenu) bio je dr. Milivoj Dežman. Godine 1888. talijanski liječnik Carlo Forlanini napravio je prvi umjetni pneumotoraks uzrokujući kolaps pluća i napunio pleuralne šupljine dušikom. Kirurški tretmani tuberkuloze razvijali su se i primjenjivali sve do 1940-tih godina. Znatan iskorak u dijagnosticiranju tuberkuloze bilo je otkriće rentgentskih zraka 1895. godine. Robert Koch je otkrio 1890. godine tuberkulin, koji se nije zadržao kao lijek, ali je postao dijagnostičko sredstvo. Velikom napretku u borbi protiv tuberkuloze doprinijeli su Albert Calmette i njegov suradnik Camille Guérin. Oni su uspjeli razviti BCG (Bacillus Calmette- Guérin) cjepivo protiv tuberkuloze koje je 1921. godine prvi put primijenjeno u bolnici u Parizu. Početkom 1943. godine Jörgen Eric Lehmann otkrio je paraminosalicilnu kiselinu (PAS), a 1944., biokemičar Selman Abraham Waksman i njegovi suradnici razvili su antibiotik streptomicin. Bili su to prvi lijekovi kojima se liječila tuberkuloza. Od sredine 1950-tih kombinaciji streptomicin i PAS dodan je i izoniazid, a kasnije su otkriveni i mnogi drugi lijekovi poput pirazinamida (1954.), a ethambutol i rifampicin uvedeni su u liječenje 1961. i 1963. pa je nastala nova era liječenja tuberkuloze, a mnogi su sanatoriji za tuberkulozu bili zatvoreni. Novi način liječenja tuberkuloze, zajedno s BCG-om, u zapadnom svijetu smanjio je umiranje od tuberkuloze za gotovo 90 %, a trajanje terapije skraćeno je s dvije godine na šest mjeseci. Povijest kontrole i liječenja tuberkuloze ušlo je u novo poglavlje.
The discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 was one of the most important events in medical history, especially bacteriology. Since the causes of tuberculosis were not treatable, there were various attempts to help tuberculosis patients. The German physician Hermann Brehmer built the first sanatorium in Görbersdorf, Germany in 1857 to treat tuberculosis patients. One of the founders of the tuberculosis sanatorium in Croatia (Brestovac on Mt. Sljeme) was Dr. Milivoj Dezman. In 1888, Italian doctor Carlo Forlanini performed the first artificial pneumothorax, causing lung collapse and filling the pleural cavities with nitrogen. Tuberculosis surgical treatments were developed and applied until the 1940s. A significant step forward in diagnosing tuberculosis was the discovery of the X-ray in 1895. Robert Koch discovered tuberculin in 1890, which initially was not a medicament but a diagnostic agent. Albert Calmette and his aide, Camille Guérin, achieved great progress in combatting tuberculosis. They succeeded in developing BCG (Bacillus Calmette- Guérin), a vaccine against tuberculosis first administered at a Paris hospital in 1921. In early 1943, Jörgen Eric Lehmann discovered paraminosalicylic acid (PAS), and in 1944, biochemist Selman Abraham Waksman and his associates developed the antibiotic streptomycin, the first medicine to treat tuberculosis. In the mid-1950s, an isoniazid was added to the combination of streptomycin and PAS, while and many other medicines such as pyrazinamides were subsequently discovered (1954). Ethambutol and rifampicin were introduced to the treatment protocol in 1961 and 1963, respectively. A new era of treatment for tuberculosis has begun and many tuberculosis sanatoriums have since been closed. The new treatment of tuberculosis in the Western world, together with BCG vaccination, reduced tuberculosis deaths by nearly 90% and shortened the duration of therapy from two years to six months. With this, the history of tuberculosis control and treatment has entered a new chapter.
The aim of the study was to determine the level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in maize sampled from farms and feed factories situated in Northern, Central and Eastern Croatia during 2013, following the ...occurrence of cow milk AFM1 contamination. Maize samples (n = 633) were analysed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) as a screening method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) as a confirmatory method. Mean AFB1 value found in maize coming from all investigated regions equalled to 81 μg/kg, with the maximal value of 2072 μg/kg found in maize obtained from Eastern Croatia. The observed contamination might have arisen on the grounds of extremely hot (>98%) and dry (<2%) weather witnessed from May to September 2012 during the maize growth and harvesting period, which might have favoured AFB1 production and consequently the contamination of dairy cattle feeds. In order to prevent the adverse effects of AFB1 on humans and animals, and also to reduce losses in agricultural production, systematic monitoring and further investigations of AFB1 contamination are necessary.
•Aflatoxin B1 in maize from farms and feed factories in Croatia during 2013 was determined.•ELISA and LC–MS/MS methods were implemented.•Very high levels of AFB1 were observed in maize from Eastern Croatia.•Hot and dry weather witnessed in 2012 might have favoured AFB1 production.•Systematic monitoring and further investigations of AFB1 contamination are necessary.
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