•3D woven composites exhibit superior impact behavior as compared to 2D and UD composites.•3D angle interlock reinforced composite possesses highest stress followed by warp interlock and orthogonal ...composites.•Knife penetration test clearly revealed superior protection performance of 3D woven structures.•Composites with 3D woven fabrics as reinforcement show higher values of storage modulus.•Unlike 3D composites, 2D and UD composites did undergo delamination near the point of loading.
This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of in-plane tensile, compressive, bending, impact resistance, knife penetration and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of unidirectional (UD), two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D) orthogonal, 3D angle-interlock and 3D warp interlock multi-layer E-glass tow based woven constructions reinforced composites. Optimization of resin %, hardener % and curing pressure has been carried out using Box and Behnken design for getting maximum possible impact resistance. The results depict that the 3D woven composites have considerably superior impact resistance, knife penetration resistance and DMA behavior as compared to UD and 2D counterparts.
Neuronal firing patterns, neuromodulators, and cerebral metabolism change across sleep-waking states, and the synaptic release of glutamate is critically involved in these processes. Extrasynaptic ...glutamate can also affect neural function and may be neurotoxic, but whether and how extracellular glutamate is regulated across sleep-waking states is unclear. To assess the effect of behavioral state on extracellular glutamate at high temporal resolution, we recorded glutamate concentration in prefrontal and motor cortex using fixed-potential amperometry in freely behaving rats. Simultaneously, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and electroencephalograms (EEGs) from contralateral cortex. We observed dynamic, progressive changes in the concentration of glutamate that switched direction as a function of behavioral state. Specifically, the concentration of glutamate increased progressively during waking (0.329 +/- 0.06%/min) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (0.349 +/- 0.13%/min). This increase was opposed by a progressive decrease during non-REM (NREM) sleep (0.338 +/- 0.06%/min). During a 3 h sleep deprivation period, glutamate concentrations initially exhibited the progressive rise observed during spontaneous waking. As sleep pressure increased, glutamate concentrations ceased to increase and began decreasing despite continuous waking. During NREM sleep, the rate of decrease in glutamate was positively correlated with sleep intensity, as indexed by LFP slow-wave activity. The rate of decrease doubled during recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Thus, the progressive increase in cortical extrasynaptic glutamate during EEG-activated states is counteracted by a decrease during NREM sleep that is modulated by sleep pressure. These results provide evidence for a long-term homeostasis of extracellular glutamate across sleep-waking states.
•Highest number of FMD affected villages and animal level incidence was in non-FMD-CP implemented Assam and Madhya Pradesh states, respectively and negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented ...Punjab state.•The crossbred and high productive animals was severely infected than local breeds and the sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals.•In severe incidence scenario, milk loss ranged between USD 6.87–47.44, USD 18.42–125.88, USD 16.33–91.43, and USD 27.17–123.62; mortality loss ranged between USD 32.61–804.27, USD 30.76–577.7, USD 65.36–502.2,and USD 188.04–413.7; distress sale ranged between USD 3.22–188.63,USD 64.34–519.3, USD 214.47–341.8, and USD 209.11–450.3; opportunity cost of labour ranged between USD 5.49–54.29, USD 5.49–67.78; USD 7.95–31.37 and USD 9.83–72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively.•The projected farm-level economic loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively, with wide variation between the states.•The bi-annual vaccination need to be strictly implemented in the non-FMD-CP and also in the FMD-CP states to reduce the disease incidence.
The study investigated the important epidemiological parameters and farm-level economic costs of FMD incidence in cattle and buffaloes during 2013−14 to 2015−16 in various states of India. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the primary survey and data was collected through face-to-face personal interview from 18,609 cattle and buffalo rearing farm households from 123 districts across twelve states and one Union Territory. Besides epidemiological parameters, different farm-level direct and indirect loss associated with FMD was assessed at disaggregated level (states) by employing deterministic mathematical models. Highest number of affected villages and disease incidence was observed in non- FMD control programme (FMD-CP) implemented Madhya Pradesh and Assam states, respectively whereas negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented Punjab state. The disease incidence was high during 2013−14 and declined during 2014−15 and 2015−16, respectively implied severe incidence scenario (2013−14) succeeded by moderate (2014−15) and mild (2015−16) scenarios. The crossbred and high productive animals were severely affected than local breeds whereas on sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals. During severe incidence scenario, milk loss/animal ranged from USD 6.87–47.44, 18.42–125.88, 16.33–91.43, and 27.17–123.62; mortality loss/animal ranged from USD 32.61–804.27, 30.76–577.7, 65.36–502.2, and 188.04–413.7; distress sale loss/animal ranged from USD 3.22–188.63, 64.34–519.3, 214.47–341.8, and 209.11–450.3; and opportunity cost of labour/animal from USD 5.49–54.29, 5.49–67.78; 7.95–31.37 and 9.83–72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively. The estimated draught power loss/animal varied from USD 39.46–142.94 with least being in Madhya Pradesh and highest in Assam states whereas the median treatment cost/animal was USD 9.18 and USD 27.07 in indigenous cattle and upgraded buffaloes, respectively. The total farm-level economic loss projected due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively during the severe, moderate and mild incidence scenarios at 2015−16 constant prices. The loss varied across the states, and in severe incidence scenario, the country might lose USD 3.2 billion/year and hence, the bi-annual vaccination schedule need to be strictly implemented in all the states. Besides timely vaccination coverage, managing unabated animal movement, educating and motivating the farmers to vaccinate their animals might reduce the incidence and consequential losses to various stakeholders in endemic states like India.
Sensitivity of the anatase and rutile phases of titanium dioxide to Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) irradiation was experimentally probed and compared with the predictions of the Coulomb explosion, analytical ...and inelastic thermal spike models of ion-matter interaction. Conforming to the predictions of all these models, our study indicated higher sensitivity of anatase to these ions than the rutile phase. A detailed examination however revealed that Coulomb explosion model cannot explain either the nature of variation of the interaction cross section of SHI with the energy deposited by these ions, Se to the target electrons, or the relative values of the threshold electronic energy loss, Seth of anatase and rutile. The analytical thermal spike (a-TS) model, using the available physicochemical data for this oxide, predicted that tracks cannot form either in anatase or in rutile by 297 MeV and 511 MeV Ni ions, while inelastic thermal spike (i-TS) model predicted formation of ion tracks by 297 MeV Ni ions and their absence with 511 MeV Ni ions in both anatase and rutile. Our observation agreed with the predictions of i-TS model albeit with a difference in the radius of the tracks. In addition, we observed halo of defect ridden crystalline region of much larger radius around the ion track. Interestingly, the radius of the halo scales with the velocity of the ions, which is opposite to the conventionally observed velocity effect.
Accurate behavioral state classification is critical for many research applications. Researchers typically rely upon manual identification of behavioral state through visual inspection of ...electrophysiological signals, but this approach is time intensive and subject to low inter-rater reliability. To overcome these limitations, a diverse set of algorithmic approaches have been put forth to automate the classification process. Recently, novel machine learning approaches have been detailed that produce rapid and highly accurate classifications. These approaches however, are often computationally expensive, require significant expertise to implement, and/or require proprietary software that limits broader adoption. Here we detail a novel artificial neural network that uses electrophysiological features to automatically classify behavioral state in rats with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Common parameters of interest to sleep scientists, including state-dependent power spectra and homeostatic non-REM slow wave activity, did not significantly differ when using this automated classifier as compared to manual scoring. Flexible options enable researchers to further increase classification accuracy through manual rescoring of a small subset of time intervals with low model prediction certainty or further decrease researcher time by generalizing trained networks across multiple recording days. The algorithm is fully open-source and coded within a popular, and freely available, software platform to increase access to this research tool and provide additional flexibility for future researchers. In sum, we have developed a readily implementable, efficient, and effective approach for automated behavioral state classification in rats.
The present study was intended to develop a Water Quality Index (WQI) for the coastal water of Visakhapatnam, India from multiple measured water quality parameters using different multivariate ...statistical techniques. Cluster analysis was used to classify the data set into three major groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Discriminant analysis was used to generate a discriminant function for developing a WQI. Discriminant analysis gave the best result for analyzing the seasonal variation of water quality. It helped in data reduction and found the most discriminant parameters responsible for seasonal variation of water quality. Coastal water was classified into good, average, and poor quality considering WQI and the nutrient load. The predictive capacity of WQI was proved with random samples taken from coastal areas. High concentration of ammonia in surface water during winter was attributed to nitrogen fixation by the phytoplankton bloom which resulted due to East India Coastal Current. This study brings out the fact that water quality in the coastal region not only depends on the discharge from different pollution sources but also on the presence of different current patterns. It also illustrates the usefulness of WQI for analyzing the complex nutrient data for assessing the coastal water and identifying different pollution sources, considering reasons for seasonal variation of water quality.
The depletion of the traditional fuels and unavoidable seasonal intermittence in solar/wind energy has made an urgent call to develop suitable energy conversion and storage systems. Since both the ...efficiency and cost of these systems are greatly impacted by electroactive materials, designing an efficient material through a scalable methodology is indispensable. Keeping these things in mind, we demonstrated the synthesis of Co
3
O
4
nanoflakes
via
the anionic (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide; CTAB) and cationic (sodium lauryl sulphate; SLS) surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method at different annealing temperatures (350 °C and 500 °C). The uniform surface morphology and crystallinity of the as-synthesized nanoflakes were analysed
via
field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. Further, the electrochemical charge storage performances of these nanoflakes were explored in a three-electrode electrochemical measurement. The CTAB-assisted Co
3
O
4
showed an impressive charge storage performance in terms of higher specific capacitance (777.45 F g
−1
), energy (32.66 W h kg
−1
) and power (39.8 kW kg
−1
) densities (
E
D
and
P
D
) compared to that derived through SLS. Further, the CTAB-500 °C showed better cyclic durability with 83% retention of the initial capacitance after 5000 repeated cycles. Therefore, we presume that the present synthetic strategy will be a scalable and efficient method for the synthesis of Co
3
O
4
that can be used as a future energy storage material for sustainability.
Schematic representation of surfactant action for synthesis of cobalt hydroxide and oxide.
Status of Foot-and-mouth Disease in India Subramaniam, S.; Pattnaik, B.; Sanyal, A. ...
Transboundary and emerging diseases,
June 2013, Letnik:
60, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India and causes severe economic loss. Status of FMD in the country for five fiscal years is presented. Outbreaks were more in number in 2007–2008 ...than 2010–2011. Three serotypes of FMD virus (O, A and Asia1) are prevalent. Serotype O was responsible for 80% of the confirmed outbreaks/cases, whereas Asia1 and A caused 12% and 8%, respectively. Geographical region‐wise assessment indicated varying prevalence rate in different regions viz; 43% in Eastern region, 31.5% in Southern region, 11.6% in North‐eastern region, 5% Central region, 4.4% Western region and 4% in Northern region. Highest number of outbreaks/cases was recorded in the month of September and lowest in June. Emergence and re‐emergence of different genotypes/lineages within the serotypes were evident in real‐time investigation carried out from time to time. Continues antigenic divergence in serotype A resulted in change in the vaccine strain in 2009. As on date, all genetic diversity within the serotypes is well tolerated by the vaccine strains. Unrestricted animal movements in the country play a major role in the spread of FMD.
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