The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) lies with the ability of the engrafting immune system to remove residual leukemia cells
a graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL), caused ...either spontaneously post-HSCT or
donor lymphocyte infusion. GvL effects can also be initiated by allogenic mismatched natural killer cells, antigen-specific T cells, and activated dendritic cells of leukemic origin. The history and further application of this GvL effect and the main mechanisms will be discussed and reviewed in this chapter.
The observed deficit of strongly Ly alpha emitting galaxies at z > 6.5 is attributed to increasing neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) and/or to the evolving galaxy properties. To ...investigate this we have performed very deep near-IR spectroscopy of z gap 7 galaxies using MOSFIRE on the Keck-I Telescope. We explored two simple evolutionary scenarios: pure number evolution where Ly alpha is blocked in some fraction of galaxies (perhaps due to the IGM being opaque along only some fraction of sightlines) and uniform dimming evolution where Ly alpha is attenuated in all galaxies by a constant factor (perhaps owing to processes from galaxy evolution or a slowly increasing IGM opacity). The Bayesian formalism places stronger constraints compared with the direct method. A comparison of our results with theoretical models implies the IGM volume averaged neutral hydrogen fraction gap0.3, suggesting that we are likely witnessing reionization in progress at z ~ 8.
Aims: To develop a sensitive, rapid and simple method for detection of Botrytis cinerea based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) that would be suitable for use outside a conventional ...laboratory setting. Methods and Results: A LAMP assay was designed based on the intergenic spacer of the B. cinerea nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The resulting assay was characterized in terms of sensitivity and specificity using DNA extracted from cultures. The assay consistently amplified 65 pg B. cinerea DNA. No cross‐reactivity was observed with a range of other fungal pathogens, with the exception of the closely related species Botrytis pelargonii. Use of a novel real‐time LAMP platform (the OptiGene Genie I) allowed detection of B. cinerea in infected rose petals, with amplification occurring in <15 min. Conclusions: The LAMP assay that was developed is suitable for rapid detection of B. cinerea in infected plant material. Significance and Impact of the Study: The LAMP method combines the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid‐based methods with simplified equipment and a reduced reaction time. These features make the method potentially suitable for on‐site use, where the results of testing could help to inform decisions regarding the storage and processing of commodities affected by B. cinerea, such as cut flowers, fruit and vegetables.
The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength during aging, sarcopenia, increases the risk for falls and dependency. Resistance exercise (RE) training is effective at improving muscle mass and ...strength in older adults; however, aging is associated with reduced training-induced hypertrophy. Recent research has illustrated an impaired muscle protein synthetic response following an acute bout of RE in older adults but much less is known regarding the effect of acute RE on muscle protein breakdown (MPB). We hypothesize that the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagosomal-lysosomal system may regulate the overall rate of MPB during postexercise recovery.
Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were sampled from 16 older (age = 70±2 years) and 16 younger (age = 27±2 years) participants at baseline and at 3, 6, and 24 hours following an acute bout of RE. In conjunction with stable isotopic techniques to measure MPB, we utilized immunoblotting and RT-PCR to examine protein and mRNA expression for key signaling molecules in both the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagosomal-lysosomal system.
MuRF1 mRNA expression increased, whereas GABARAP mRNA decreased after RE in both younger and older adults (p < .05). The LC3B-II/LC3B-I protein ratio decreased in both groups after RE (p < .05), but MPB was not different 24 hour post-RE in either group (p > .05).
Aging does not influence skeletal MPB, autophagy, or the ubiquitin proteasome system following an acute bout of RE. Therefore, targeting the muscle protein synthesis response to exercise may hold more promise in the prevention of sarcopenia.
We present deep spectroscopic follow-up observations of the Bremer Deep Field (BDF), where the two z ∼ 7 bright Ly emitters (LAE) BDF521 and BDF3299 were previously discovered by Vanzella et al. and ...where a factor of ∼3-4 overdensity of faint LBGs has been found by Castellano et al. We confirm a new bright Ly emitter, BDF2195, at the same redshift of BDF521, z = 7.008 and at only ∼90 kpc physical distance from it, confirming that the BDF area is likely an overdense, reionized region. A quantitative assessment of the Ly fraction shows that the number of detected bright emitters is much higher than the average found at z ∼ 7, suggesting a high Ly transmission through the intergalactic medium. However, the line visibility from fainter galaxies is at odds with this finding, as no Ly emission is found in any of the observed candidates with MUV > −20.25. This discrepancy can be understood either if some mechanism prevents Ly emission from fainter galaxies within the ionized bubbles from reaching the observer, or if faint galaxies are located outside the reionized area and bright LAEs are solely responsible for the creation of their own H ii regions. A thorough assessment of the nature of the BDF region and of its sources of re-ionizing radiation will be made possible by James Webb Space Telescope spectroscopic capabilities.
ABSTRACT
By using the deepest available mid- and far-infrared surveys in the CANDELS, GOODS, and COSMOS fields we study the evolution of the main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) from z ...∼ 0 to ∼ 2.5 at stellar masses larger than 1010 M⊙. The MS slope and scatter are consistent with a rescaled version of the local relation and distribution, shifted at higher values of star formation rate (SFR) according to ∝ (1 + $z$)3.2. The relation exhibits a bending at the high-mass end and a slightly increasing scatter as a function of the stellar mass. We show that the previously reported evolution of the MS slope, in the considered mass and redshift range, is due to a selection effect. The distribution of galaxies in the MS region at fixed stellar mass is well represented by a single lognormal distribution at all redshifts and masses, with starburst galaxies occupying the tail at high SFR.
We present a study of the infrared properties of X-ray selected, moderate-luminosity (i.e. L
X= 1042-1044 erg s−1) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) up to z ≈ 3, in order to explore the links between ...star formation in galaxies and accretion on to their central black holes. We use 100 and 160 μ m fluxes from GOODS-Herschel - the deepest survey yet undertaken by the Herschel telescope - and show that in the vast majority of cases (i.e. >94 per cent) these fluxes are dominated by emission from the host galaxy. As such, these far-infrared bands provide an uncontaminated view of star formation in the AGN host galaxies. We find no evidence of any correlation between the X-ray and infrared luminosities of moderate AGNs at any redshift, suggesting that global star formation is decoupled from nuclear (i.e. AGN) activity in these galaxies. On the other hand, we confirm that the star formation rates of AGN hosts increase strongly with redshift, by a factor of 43+27
− 18 from z < 0.1 to z = 2-3 for AGNs with the same range of X-ray luminosities. This increase is entirely consistent with the factor of 25-50 increase in the specific star formation rates (SSFRs) of normal, star-forming (i.e. main-sequence) galaxies over the same redshift range. Indeed, the average SSFRs of AGN hosts are only marginally (i.e. ≈20 per cent) lower than those of main-sequence galaxies at all surveyed redshifts, with this small deficit being due to a fraction of AGNs residing in quiescent (i.e. low SSFR) galaxies. We estimate that 79 ± 10 per cent of moderate-luminosity AGNs are hosted in main-sequence galaxies, 15 ± 7 per cent in quiescent galaxies and <10 per cent in strongly starbursting galaxies. We derive the fractions of all main-sequence galaxies at z < 2 that are experiencing a period of moderate nuclear activity, noting that it is strongly dependent on galaxy stellar mass (M
stars), rising from just a few per cent at M
stars∼ 1010 M⊙ to ≳20 per cent at M
stars≥ 1011 M⊙. Our results indicate that it is galaxy stellar mass that is most important in dictating whether a galaxy hosts a moderate-luminosity AGN. We argue that the majority of moderate nuclear activity is fuelled by internal mechanisms rather than violent mergers, which suggests that high-redshift disc instabilities could be an important AGN feeding mechanism.
In this paper, we extend the source detection in the GOODS-ALMA field (69 arcmin
2
, 1
σ
≃ 0.18 mJy beam
−1
) to deeper levels than presented in our previous work. Using positional information at 3.6 ...and 4.5
μ
m (from
Spitzer
-IRAC) as well as the Very Large Array (VLA) at 3 GHz, we explore the presence of galaxies detected at 1.1 mm with ALMA below our original blind detection limit of 4.8-
σ
, at which the number of spurious sources starts to dominate over that of real sources. In order to ensure the most reliable counterpart association possible, we have investigated the astrometry differences between different instruments in the GOODS–South field. In addition to a global offset between the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the
Hubble
Space Telescope (HST) already discussed in previous studies, we have highlighted a local offset between ALMA and the HST that was artificially introduced in the process of building the mosaic of the GOODS–South image. We created a distortion map that can be used to correct for these astrometric issues. In this Supplementary Catalog, we find a total of 16 galaxies, including two galaxies with no counterpart in HST images (also known as optically dark galaxies), down to a 5
σ
limiting depth of
H
= 28.2 AB (HST/WFC3
F
160
W
). This brings the total sample of GOODS-ALMA 1.1 mm sources to 35 galaxies. Galaxies in the new sample cover a wider dynamic range in redshift (
z
= 0.65−4.73), are on average twice as large (1.3 vs 0.65 kpc), and have lower stellar masses (
M
⋆
SC
= 7.6 × 10
10
M
⊙
vs
M
⋆
MC
= 1.2 × 10
11
M
⊙
). Although exhibiting larger physical sizes, these galaxies still have far-infrared sizes that are significantly more compact than inferred from their optical emission.
Clean eating is understood in broad terms to be an approach to eating which promotes the exclusion of processed foods. Social media and websites which promote clean eating are becoming increasingly ...popular as sources of nutrition information. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding women's opinions about clean eating sites and their influence on eating behaviour. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in dietary intake, dietary restraint and opinions about clean eating between women who had, and women who had never adhered to dietary advice from clean eating sites. Using a cross-sectional survey design, women (
= 762) ranging in age from 17⁻55 completed a self-report questionnaire on eating behaviour and beliefs about clean eating. Findings showed that 25.5% of the sample adhered to dietary advice from a clean eating site sometimes, often or very often. A significantly higher proportion of women who had adhered to dietary advice from clean eating sites met dietary guidelines for the consumption of fruit, meats and alternatives compared to women who had seldom or never adhered. Adherers also had significantly higher levels of restrained eating and were more positive about clean eating in general in comparison to those who seldom or never adhered. Results provide new information about exposure to clean eating sites and how they may influence women's eating practices. These preliminary findings suggest additional studies are required to better understand the influence of clean eating sites, particularly with regard to whether the information on such sites are from reputable sources and to what degree their recommendations may be problematic for individuals with eating concerns.
Abstract
We present the initial sample of redshifts for 3839 galaxies in the MeerKAT DEEP2 field—the most sensitive ∼1.4 GHz radio field yet observed with
σ
n
= 0.55
μ
Jy beam
−1
, reaching the ...confusion limit. Using a spectrophotometric technique combining coarse optical spectra with broadband photometry, we obtain redshifts with
σ
z
≲ 0.01(1 +
z
), as determined from repeat observations. The resulting radio luminosity functions between 0.2 <
z
< 1.3 from our sample of 3839 individual galaxies are in remarkable agreement with those inferred from previous modeling of radio source counts, confirming a ≳50% excess in radio-based star formation rate density (SFRD) (
z
) measurements at 0.2 <
z
< 1.3 compared to those from the UV–IR. Several sources of systematic error are discussed—totalling ∼0.13 dex when added in quadrature. Even in the event that all systematic errors work to decrease the radio-based SFRD values, they are incapable of reconciling differences between the radio-based measurements with those from the UV–IR at 0.5 <
z
< 1.3. We conclude that significant work remains to have confidence in a full accounting of the star formation budget of the Universe.
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