Two new species of ectotrophic root-infecting fungi pathogenic to warm-season turfgrasses are described.
Magnaporthe garrettii
P. T. W. Wong & M. L. Dickinson sp. nov. causes a serious patch disease ...on couch (
Cynodon dactylon
) bowling greens in South Australia, and
Magnaporthe griffinii
P. T. W. Wong & A.M. Stirling sp. nov. is associated with a disease complex (“summer decline”) of hybrid couch (
C. dactylon
×
C. transvaalensis
) golf greens in New South Wales and Queensland. Both are homothallic, producing perithecia readily on potato dextrose agar. They differ from other
Magnaporthe
spp. in having uniseriate rather than biseriate or multiseriate ascospores, and the absence of a conidial anamorph. Analysis of nuclear rRNA ITS sequences has shown that
M. griffinii
is a new taxon with low homology to
M. grisea, M. poae, M. rhizophila, M. salvinii
and
Gaeumannomyces graminis
. This could not be carried out with
M. garrettii
because there were no living cultures available and the genomic DNA extracted from dead mycelia and perithecia was totally degraded. However, the two new species can be readily distinguished by morphological differences in their perithecia and ascospores. Examination of earlier herbarium specimens has shown that
M. garrettii
was associated with a patch disease of buffalo grass (
Stenotaphrum secundatum
) in New South Wales and M. griffinii was associated with diseases of South African couch grass (
C. tranvaalensis
) in South Australia and of kikuyu grass (
Pennisetum clandestinum
) in New South Wales.
We present first insights into the far-IR properties for a sample of IRAC and MIPS 24 {mu}m detected Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z {approx} 3, as derived from observations in the northern field of ...the Great Observatories Origins Survey (GOODS-N) carried out with the PACS instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. Although none of our galaxies are detected by Herschel, we employ a stacking technique to construct, for the first time, the average spectral energy distribution (SED) of infrared luminous LBGs from UV to radio wavelengths. We derive a median IR luminosity of L {sub IR} = 1.6 x 10{sup 12} L {sub sun}, placing the population in the class of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Complementing our study with existing multi-wavelength data, we put constraints on the dust temperature of the population and find that for their L {sub IR}, MIPS-LBGs are warmer than submillimeter-luminous galaxies while they fall in the locus of the L {sub IR}-T {sub d} relation of the local ULIRGs. This, along with estimates based on the average SED, explains the marginal detection of LBGs in current submillimeter surveys and suggests that these latter studies introduce a bias toward the detection of colder ULIRGs in the high-z universe, while missing high-z ULIRGS with warmer dust.
Essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion enhances postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and, in particular, the anabolic response of older adults appears sensitive to the quantity of ingested leucine. ...The effect of leucine ingestion on muscle breakdown following resistance exercise (RE) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagosomal-lysosomal systems following acute RE in older men. Subjects (72 ± 2 yr) performed RE and 1 h postexercise ingested 10 g of EAA containing a leucine quantity similar to quality protein (control, 1.8 g leucine,
= 7) or enriched in leucine (leucine, 3.5 g leucine,
= 8). Stable isotope infusion and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) obtained at rest and 2, 5, and 24 h postexercise were used to examine protein content (Western blot), mRNA expression (RT-quantitative PCR), and muscle protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR). Muscle-specific RING finger 1 mRNA increased in both groups at 2 and 5 h (
< 0.05). LC3 mRNA increased, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio decreased at all postexercise time points in control (
< 0.05). Conversely, LC3 mRNA only increased at 2 h, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio only decreased at 2 and 5 h in leucine (
< 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 mRNA increased (
< 0.05) in control at 5 h. FBR was not statistically different between groups or from basal 24 h postexercise (
> 0.05). These data indicate that ingesting a larger quantity of leucine following RE may further reduce postexercise skeletal muscle autophagy in older men; however, it does not appear to influence the acute postexercise elevation in markers of the ubiquitin proteasome system or the breakdown of intact proteins.
The impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on processes of skeletal muscle breakdown in older adults is not well understood. Additional postexercise leucine ingestion appears to further reduce autophagy, but it does not interfere with the increase in ubiquitin proteasome system markers or the breakdown of intact proteins in skeletal muscle of older men. Postexercise leucine ingestion may promote a healthier protein pool and favorable muscle adaptations in older adults through greater accretion of myofibrillar proteins.
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has been shown to be present in umbilical cord blood (UCB) in addition to hematopoietic stem cells. Cryopreservation is the accepted method for long-term storage ...of UCB. However, whether EPCs can be derived from cryopreserved UCB samples is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of EPCs from cryopreserved CB samples. CD34+ cells were isolated from fresh or frozen and thawed UCB using magnetic beads. Cells were then cultured on fibronectincoated plates containing endothelial differentiation medium. After 4–5 weeks in culture, endothelial-like cells were generated from fresh UCB samples, but not cryopreserved UCB samples. Examining this further, both fresh and frozen/thawed UCB MNCs were stained with Annexin V-PE and 7-actinomycin D (7-AAD) using flow cytometry. We found that there were a significant number of apoptotic cells in cryopreserved UCB samples compared to fresh UCB samples. In conclusion, cryopreservation induced UCB cell apoptosis and impaired EPC differentiation.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps, is one of the most controversial forms of social welfare in the United States. Although it's commonly believed ...that such federal programs have been cut back since the 1980s, Maggie Dickinson charts the dramatic expansion and reformulation of the food safety net in the twenty-first century. Today, receiving SNAP benefits is often tied to work requirements, which essentially subsidizes low-wage jobs. Excluded populations-such as the unemployed, informally employed workers, and undocumented immigrants-must rely on charity to survive. Feeding the Crisis tells the story of eight families as they navigate the terrain of an expanding network of assistance programs in which care and abandonment work hand in hand to make access to food uncertain for people on the social and economic margins. Amid calls at the federal level to expand work requirements for food assistance, Dickinson shows us how such ideas are bad policy that fail to adequately address hunger in America.Feeding the Crisis brings the voices of food-insecure families into national debates about welfare policy, offering fresh insights into how we can establish a right to food in the United States.
Aims. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between galaxy stellar masses, based on multiwavelength photometry spectral template fitting and dynamical masses based on published ...velocity dispersion measurements, for a sample of 48 early-type galaxies at z \sim 1 with HST /ACS morphological information. Methods. We determine photometric-stellar masses and perform a quantitative morphological analysis of cluster and field galaxies at redshift 0.6< z < 1.2, using ground- and space-based multiwavelength data available on the GOODS-S field and on the field around the X-ray luminous cluster RDCS1252.9-2927 at z =1.24. We use multi-band photometry over 0.4-8 \mum from HST /ACS, VLT /ISAAC and Spitzer /IRAC to estimate photometric-stellar masses using Composite Stellar Population (CSP) templates computed with PEGASE.2 (Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange 1997) models. We compare stellar masses with those obtained using CSPs built with Bruzual & Charlot (2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000; BC03) and Maraston (2005, MNRAS, 362, 799; M05) models. We then compare photometric-stellar mass and dynamical mass estimates as a function of morphological parameters obtained from HST /ACS imaging. Results. Based on our sample, which spans the mass range \log M_{\rm phot} \simeq 10,11.5, we find that 1) PEGASE.2, BC03, M05 yield consistent photometric-stellar masses for early-type galaxies at z \sim 1 with a small scatter (0.15 dex rms) ; 2) adopting a Kroupa IMF, photometric-stellar masses match dynamical mass estimates for early-type galaxies with an average offset of 0.27 dex; 3) assuming a constant IMF, increasing dark matter fraction with the increasing galaxy mass can explain the observed trend; 4) we observe that early-type galaxies with significant disk components (Sa/Sab) or with signs of dynamical interaction tend to have the largest deviation from a one-to-one M_{\rm dyn} \,{\rm vs}.\, M_{\rm phot} relation
A terminal restriction fragment analysis (T-RFLP) technique was developed for the simple and rapid detection and diagnosis of phytoplasmas in plants. The selected primers amplified part of the 23S ...rRNA gene to provide improved resolution between the taxonomic groups compared to conventional restriction enzyme analysis of the 16S rRNA. Using the restriction enzymes Bsh12361 and MseI on the PCR products, and fragment analysis in the range 68-640 bp, the technique was tested on 37 isolates from 10 of the 16Sr groups. Distinct and unambiguous T-RFLP profiles were produced for nine of the 10 taxonomic groups, such that almost all isolates within a group shared the same profile and could be distinguished from isolates in other groups. The technique also identified the presence of mixtures of phytoplasmas from different groups in samples. Furthermore, the primers were devised to amplify a terminal restriction fragment (TRF) product of a specific defined size (461 bp) from the host plant chloroplast DNA, so that there was a built-in internal control in the procedure to show that the absence of a phytoplasma peak in a sample was the result of no detectable phytoplasma being present, not the result of PCR inhibition. This method offers the possibility of simultaneously detecting and providing a taxonomic grouping for phytoplasmas in test samples using a single PCR reaction.
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