The exponential growth of network size leads to increase attacks and intrusions. Detection of these attacks from the network has turned into a noteworthy issue of security. An intrusion detection ...system is an important approach to achieves high detection rate. A high dimensional dataset increase complexities of detection systems. In this paper, we have designed a novel intelligent system that comprises the feature selection with a hybrid approach of the Rough set theory and the Bayes theorem. The proposed feature selection computed core features and ranked them based on estimated probability. In a decision system, an object may belong to a single or multiple decision, and a feature contains a set of objects that occurrences compute an estimated probability. The rough set theory is being applied to classify information into lower and upper approximations. Uncertain information is distinguished using rough set approximations and solved by the Bayes theorem. In this research work, it has also been highlighted the quantitative realism of recently generated dataset and compared to publicly available datasets. This approach reduces false alarm rate, computational complexity, training complexity and increases detection rate. Comparisons with relevant classifiers are also tabled that show proposed method performs better than existing classifiers.
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•Detail analysis of the CICIDS2017 dataset and qualitative realism.•Feature Probability Estimation computes core features and ranks them.•The FPE method verification on the standard sample set.•Rough set theory categorizes samples into three categories.•Bayes theorem applies to provide support of uncertain informations.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) terminates at cytochrome (cyt) oxidase or alternative oxidase (AOX).
In Nicotiana tabacum leaves, mitochondrial respiration in the light (R
L) ...declined with increasing drought severity but then increased under extreme drought, despite a steep decline in maximal cyt oxidase activity. This increased R
L was absent in AOX knockdown lines, while AOX overexpression lines showed enhanced R
L relative to the wild-type (WT). Cyt oxidase activity under extreme drought was higher in overexpressors and lower in knockdowns, compared with the WT, providing evidence that AOX acted to maintain cyt pathway function.
The rate of R
L was a strong determinant of the reduction state of the photosynthetic ETC during drought. As such, the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II was compromised in knockdowns, compared with the WT, during extreme drought. By contrast, overexpressors maintained their instantaneous leaf water-use efficiency equally as high during extreme drought as when they were well watered.
In both mitochondria and chloroplasts, protein carbonyl accumulation during extreme drought was strongly increased in knockdowns, and decreased in overexpressors, relative to WT. Hence the ability of AOX to maintain critical mitochondrial and chloroplast functions during extreme drought is likely due, at least in part, to its ability to reduce oxidative damage.
Global climate change in the form of extreme heat and drought poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production by negatively affecting plant performance and crop yield. Such negative impact on ...crop yield is likely to be aggravated in future because continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further rise in temperature leading to increased evapo-transpiration and drought severity, soil salinity as well as insect and disease threats. This has raised a major challenge for plant scientists on securing global food demand, which urges an immediate need to enhance the current yield of major food crops by two-fold to feed the increasing population. As a fourth major food crop, enhancing potato productivity is important for food security of an increasing population. However, potato plant is highly prone to high temperature, drought, soil salinity, as well as insect and diseases. In order to maintain a sustainable potato production, we must adapt our cultivation practices and develop stress tolerant potato cultivars that are appropriately engineered for changing environment. Yet the lack of data on the underlying mechanisms of potato plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and the ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a major knowledge gap. It is a challenge for plant scientists to pinpoint means of improving tuber yield under increasing CO
, high temperature and drought stress including the changing patterns of pest and pathogen infestations. Understanding stress-related physiological, biochemical and molecular processes is crucial to develop screening procedures for selecting crop cultivars that can better adapt to changing growth conditions. Elucidation of such mechanism may offer new insights into the identification of specific characteristics that may be useful in breeding new cultivars aimed at maintaining or even enhancing potato yield under changing climate. This paper discusses the recent progress on the mechanism by which potato plants initially sense the changes in their surrounding CO
, temperature, water status, soil salinity and consequently respond to these changes at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. We suggest that future research needs to be concentrated on the identification and characterization of signaling molecules and target genes regulating stress tolerance and crop yield potential.
Cold acclimation of winter cereals and other winter hardy species is a prerequisite to increase subsequent freezing tolerance. Low temperatures upregulate the expression of ...C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element binding transcription factors (CBF/DREB1) which in turn induce the expression of COLD-REGULATED (COR) genes. We summarize evidence which indicates that the integration of these interactions is responsible for the dwarf phenotype and enhanced photosynthetic performance associated with cold-acclimated and CBF-overexpressing plants. Plants overexpressing CBFs but grown at warm temperatures mimic the cold-tolerant, dwarf, compact phenotype; increased photosynthetic performance; and biomass accumulation typically associated with cold-acclimated plants. In this review, we propose a model whereby the cold acclimation signal is perceived by plants through an integration of low temperature and changes in light intensity, as well as changes in light quality. Such integration leads to the activation of the CBF-regulon and subsequent upregulation of COR gene and GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox) expression which results in a dwarf phenotype coupled with increased freezing tolerance and enhanced photosynthetic performance. We conclude that, due to their photoautotrophic nature, plants do not rely on a single low temperature sensor, but integrate changes in light intensity, light quality, and membrane viscosity in order to establish the cold-acclimated state. CBFs appear to act as master regulators of these interconnecting sensing/signaling pathways.
Plants will experience an elevated atmospheric concentration of CO₂ (ECO₂) in the future. Growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) at ECO₂ more than doubled the leaf protein amount of alternative ...oxidase (AOX), a non-energy-conserving component of mitochondrial respiration. To test the functional significance of this AOX increase, wild-type tobacco was compared with AOX knockdown and overexpression lines, following growth at ambient CO₂ or ECO₂. The ECO₂-grown AOX knockdowns had a reduced capacity for triose phosphate use (TPU) during photosynthesis compared with the other plant lines. This TPU limitation of CO₂ assimilation was associated with an increased accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate, sucrose, and starch in the leaves of the knockdowns. Under TPU-limiting conditions, the size of the proton gradient and proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane was enhanced in the knockdowns relative to the other plant lines, suggesting a restriction of chloroplast ATP synthase activity. This restriction was not due to a decline in ATP synthase (AtpB) protein amount. The knockdowns also displayed a photosystem stoichiometry adjustment at ECO₂, which was absent in the other plant lines. Additional experiments showed that the way in which AOX supports photosynthesis at ECO₂ is distinct from its previously described role in supporting photosynthesis during water deficit. The results are discussed in terms of how AOX contributes to TPU capacity and the maintenance of chloroplast ATP synthase activity at ECO₂. Overall, the evidence suggests that AOX respiration is needed to maintain both the carbon and energy balance in photosynthetic tissues during growth at ECO₂.
•Mitochondrial alternative oxidase lowers the ATP yield of plant respiration.•Alternative oxidase optimizes photosynthetic energy (ATP, NADPH) and carbon pools.•Alternative oxidase benefits growth ...under stress conditions such as water deficit.•Alternative oxidase is a potential biotechnological target for crop improvement.
This review summarizes knowledge of alternative oxidase, a mitochondrial electron transport chain component that lowers the ATP yield of plant respiration. Analysis of mutant and transgenic plants has established that alternative oxidase activity supports leaf photosynthesis. The interaction of alternative oxidase respiration with chloroplast metabolism is important under conditions that challenge energy and/or carbon balance in the photosynthetic cell. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase provides an extra-chloroplastic means to optimize the status of chloroplast energy pools (ATP, NADPH) and to manage cellular carbohydrate pools in response to changing rates of carbon fixation and carbon demand for growth and maintenance. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms ensure that alternative oxidase can respond effectively when carbon and energy balance are being challenged. This function appears particularly significant under abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, or temperature extremes. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase respiration positively affects growth and stress tolerance, despite it lowering the energy yield and carbon use efficiency of respiration. In part, this beneficial effect relates to the ability of alternative oxidase respiration to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species generation in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Recent evidence suggests that alternative oxidase respiration is an interesting target for crop improvement.
The use of low-cost sensors in IoT over high-cost devices has been considered less expensive. However, these low-cost sensors have their own limitations such as the accuracy, quality, and reliability ...of the data collected. Fog computing offers solutions to those limitations; nevertheless, owning to its intrinsic distributed architecture, it faces challenges in the form of security of fog devices, secure authentication and privacy. Blockchain technology has been utilised to offer solutions for the authentication and security challenges in fog systems. This paper proposes an authentication system that utilises the characteristics and advantages of blockchain and smart contracts to authenticate users securely. The implemented system uses the email address, username, Ethereum address, password and data from a biometric reader to register and authenticate users. Experiments showed that the proposed method is secure and achieved performance improvement when compared to existing methods. The comparison of results with state-of-the-art showed that the proposed authentication system consumed up to 30% fewer resources in transaction and execution cost; however, there was an increase of up to 30% in miner fees.
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase respiration aids in balancing the thylakoid membrane proton circuit, thus improving both photosynthesis and growth during a prolonged water deficit.
Abstract
The ...non-energy-conserving alternative oxidase (AOX) respiration of plant mitochondria is known to interact with chloroplast photosynthesis. This may have consequences for growth, particularly under sub-optimal conditions when energy imbalances can impede photosynthesis. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the metabolism and growth of wild-type Nicotiana tabacum with that of AOX knockdown and overexpression lines during a prolonged steady-state mild to moderate water deficit. Under moderate water deficit, the AOX amount was an important determinant of the rate of both mitochondrial respiration in the light and net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) at the growth irradiance. In particular, AOX respiration was necessary to maintain optimal proton and electron fluxes at the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, which in turn prevented a water-deficit-induced biochemical limitation of photosynthesis. As a result of differences in A, AOX overexpressors gained more biomass and knockdowns gained less biomass than wild-type during moderate water deficit. Biomass partitioning also differed, with the overexpressors having a higher percentage, and the knockdowns having a lower percentage, of total above-ground biomass in reproductive tissue than wild-type. The results establish that improving chloroplast energy balance by using a non-energy-conserving respiratory electron sink can increase photosynthesis and growth during prolonged water deficit.
Photosynthesis and respiration are the hubs of energy metabolism in plants. Drought strongly perturbs photosynthesis as a result of both diffusive limitations resulting from stomatal closure, and in ...some cases biochemical limitations that are associated with a reduced abundance of key photosynthetic components. The effects of drought on respiration, particularly respiration in the light (RL), are less understood. The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain includes a non‐energy conserving terminal oxidase called alternative oxidase (AOX). Several studies have shown that drought increases AOX transcript, protein and maximum capacity. Here we review recent studies comparing wild‐type (WT) tobacco to transgenic lines with altered AOX protein amount. Specifically during drought, RL was compromised in AOX knockdown plants and enhanced in AOX overexpression plants, compared with WT. Significantly, these differences in RL were accompanied by dramatic differences in photosynthetic performance. Knockdown of AOX increased the susceptibility of photosynthesis to drought‐induced biochemical limitations, while overexpression of AOX delayed the development of such biochemical limitations, compared with WT. Overall, the results indicate that AOX is essential to maintaining RL during drought, and that this non‐energy conserving respiration maintains photosynthesis during drought by promoting energy balance in the chloroplast. This review also outlines several areas for future research, including the possibility that enhancement of non‐energy conserving respiratory electron sinks may be a useful biotechnological approach to increase plant performance during stress.
Mobile ad-hoc network is a dynamic wireless network that transfers information through neighbor nodes with a temporary configuration. Due to its dynamic nature, it is exposed to attacks and ...intrusions. Routing disruption attack is the main problem of this network where intermediate nodes act maliciously. An encryption-based security mechanism is a first-line defense system that is efficient. It is still not compatible with the mobile ad-hoc network environment. Malicious nodes can drop encrypted data packets in this network. The lightweight technique analyzes a few parameters that consume few resources and provide comparatively low detection rates. However, an intrusion detection system is a reliable second-line security mechanism. In this paper, we have proposed a detection method that classifies malicious and benign information. The proposed intrusion detection method is based on learning techniques that initially require a dataset to determine mobile nodes’ behavior. Subsequently, we perform this work in an order such as mobile ad-hoc network simulation with some malicious nodes, features selection, and data collection using packet captured files. This work is executed through extensive simulations in the NS-3. The proposed method learns the system for information classification, and experimental results that show the proposed method performs better than existing schemes. Moreover, the obtained performance confirms that the suggested feature set is suitable for the intrusion detection system in mobile ad-hoc networks.
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