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•Configuration impact on performance of hybrid TMSs is studied for the first time.•For this, a parallel, 2 series and a parallel/series configurations are simulated.•Time evolution of ...Tmax, ΔT & PCM melt fraction for 4 configurations are compared.•Parallel/series configuration shows best action for long time operation of cells.•For short period usages one of series configurations provides best performance.
Lithium batteries employed in the powertrain of electric vehicles provide optimal performance within a favorable temperature interval. Using a hybrid thermal management system can be an advanced method for reliable control of battery temperature with the least energy consumption. However, only a few efforts are paid for developing these types of thermal management systems. In the present study, the role of system configuration on the cooling performance of a hybrid thermal management system consisting of phase change material and water-cooling channels is studied, for the first time. Four thermal management systems with four different configurations of parallel, series-1, series-2, and parallel/series are simulated and analyzed. The time evolution of maximum temperature and the temperature difference on the surface of the cells, as well as the liquid fraction of phase change material, are presented. The results show that the parallel/series configuration provides the best performance for the long period operation of the cells with a high heat dissipation rate that results in a lower maximum temperature and a smaller range of temperature variation across the interface of cell and thermal management system during operation, compared to the other configurations. However, for the short period operation of the cells, the series-2 configuration provides better performance. The results also show that the smallest (3.21 Pa) and the largest pressure loss (7.79 Pa) belong to the parallel and series-2 configurations, respectively.
IntroductionThe agricultural systems are facing numerous challenges in maintaining and providing food security. Achieving this goal, considering the growing global population is possible through the ...application of sustainable agricultural principles to increase crop yield and reduce environmental costs. The widespread use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogen fertilizers, by farmers globally to enhance yields has resulted in numerous environmental hazards, including soil and groundwater pollution. Intercropping systems emerge as a viable strategy to augment yield, curtail reliance on chemical fertilizers, and safeguard the environment. Enhancing the yield and quality of forage has become a paramount concern in the agricultural sector in recent times. Various approaches exist to achieve this objective, among which intercropping cereals and legumes stands out as a promising solution. One of the most sustainable farming methods in saline and arid lands is drying livestock products using salt-tolerant plants, which can also be beneficial for farmers.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include different patterns of intercropping kochia and cowpea, namely: 100% Kochia (K100), 50% kochia: 50% cowpea (K50:C50), 75% kochia: 25% cowpea (K75:C25), 25% kochia: 75% cowpea (K25:C75), 100% kochia: 50% cowpea (K100:C50), 50% kochia: 100% cowpea (K50:C100), 100% kochia:100% cowpea (K100:C100), and 100% cowpea (C100). Dry forage yield, yield components, percentage of crude protein (CP), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured in Kochia plants. Additionally, in cowpea, economic and biological yield, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000-grain weight were measured. To assess the profitability of intercropping, the land equivalent ratio (LER) was utilized.Results and DiscussionAccording to the obtained results, the planting pattern had a significant effect on the yield of kochia and cowpea, as well as the morphological characteristics of cowpea, including height, lateral branch, stem weight, and leaf weight. Additionally, the planting pattern had a significant effect on the quality parameters of forage, including the percentage of protein, ash, ADF, and DMD of Kochia. The highest yield was obtained for kochia (22,788 kg.ha-1) in the cropping pattern of K100:C100, and for cowpea (3590.3 kg.ha-1) in pure cowpea. The highest percentages of protein (19.90) and ash (14.83) were achieved in the additive intercropping pattern of K100:C100. It also achieved the highest and lowest percentage of DMD (41%) and, ADF (41.30%), respectively, in the pattern of K100:C50. The research results indicated that the highest LER (1.80) was achieved from the treatment of K50:C50.ConclusionThe yield and quality of forage in dry areas have significant importance, considering the prevailing climatic conditions. Therefore, intercropping is considered a practical solution to achieve the mentioned goals. or Despite the numerous benefits of intercropping, the selection of compatible forage and companion plants that are suitable for specific regional conditions, combined with the design of an appropriate cropping pattern, can greatly enhance the yield and efficiency of this cultivation system. According to the results, intercropping demonstrates higher forage quality compared to the sole crop of Kochia. High-quality forage has higher percentages of CP, ash, and DMD while having lower levels of ADF. Based on these findings, the additive patterns K100:C100 and K100:C50 are recommended. The research results indicate an increase in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of both kochia and cowpea in intercropping. The LER in all replacement patterns was greater than one, indicating an increase in land efficiency compared to the sole crop. As a result, the natural potential of Kochia, a salt-tolerant plant, can be used as a suitable strategy for using saline soil and water resources and feeding livestock in the Zabol region.
To study the effect of polythene colour container and spawn rates on mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), experiment was carried out to investigate the cultivation on barely straws substrate. This ...cultivation system can improve the economic status of the farmer. Field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Zabol during 2011 growing season. Experiment was carried out as factorial and based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factors were different colour of polythene container (blue, yellow, transparent and green) and various levels of spawn (2.5, 4 and 5% wet weight substrate bases). There was significant difference in the yields from different spawn and colour of container maximum yield (weight of fresh mushrooms harvested at maturity) was obtained in 5% spawn rate (1248 g/2 kg wet substrate). Between colour polythene containers; maximum yield was obtained in green colour polythene (1366 g/2 kg wet substrate). The least of yield mushrooms were obtained from 2.5% spawn rate and cultivation of mushroom in blue polythene container. It was concluded that the mushroom should be cultivated in green polythene bags under 5% spawn rate to achieve higher productivity.
Yield study was carried out during the 2006 summer season in the field of Research Institute, University of Zabol at Sistan (latitude 30 degree 54' N and longitude 61 degree 41'E). The goal of the ...study was to evaluate the reaction of roselle cultivar to different chemical fertilizers alone or in combination with organic manure. Ten fertilization treatments were used for this study (mineral fertilizer, hen manure, cattle manure, ostrich manure, mineral fertilizer plus hen manure, mineral fertilizer plus cattle manure, mineral fertilizer plus ostrich manure, hen manure plus cattle manure, hen manure plus ostrich manure and ostrich manure plus cattle manure). Rates of NPK fertilizers were 300, 200 and 200 Kg ha super(-1), respectively and organic manure included cattle, hen and ostrich manures with combination of others. This study was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arrangement with three replications. Application of ostrich in addition to hen manure significantly (P<0.05) increased plant height, branch number/plant, weight of dry stem and calyx yield compared with other treatments but did not show significant difference in number of pods of roselle. Calyx yield of 1.6 t/ha was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to other manure. The highest of calyx yield was obtained by using ostrich plus hen manure compared to other organic manures. Results of this study indicate that maximum calyx yield of roselle is grown when ostrich plus hen manure is used.
The drying process of bagasse particles was investigated in this study using an artificial neural network (ANN) and 18 thin-layer drying (TLD) models. These models are used for investigating kinetics ...and understanding engineering parameters involved in the drying process of food and agricultural products. Bagasse particles were studied at 105 to 135 °C and an initial moisture content of 180% (based on the dry weight) using a halogen moisture analyzer. The results showed that an increase in the temperature decreased the bagasse drying period and increased the constant drying. The whole drying process of bagasse happened in a falling drying rate period. The fitness of drying curves on semi-experimental TLD models based on statistical parameters, including root mean square error (RMSE), sum of square errors (SSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the Hii et al. model had the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest error percentage. The ANN predicted changes in the bagasse moisture content through time more accurately than the Hii et al model. Also, the results demonstrated that the selected ANN model and a number of semi-empirical models with less than 3 adjustable parameters provided good agreement and can be considered promising tools to predict drying kinetic of bagasse particles.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Out of three grain of the world, Corn is one of the best, About 7 to 10 thousand years ago in south of Mexico corn become domesticated. In the year 1995 culfivation of corn in the world was 130 ...mil/ha, and to Total production of the world of corn is 507 M/Tons. Average yield of corn in the year 1995 Among Producer countries was 7.78 To 7.60 t/ha in fance and united state was state was 2.36 To 2.20 t/ha, but in Brazil and Mexico Production of corn was different. With this regards, special manner has been arranged for the suitable cultivation or suitable density plants in one heactar on cultivation variety of K.S.C 704 corn. Also suitable level of Nitrogen manure, this Protect in climatic condition of Sistan region done, sith complete block design with 3 replication. Experiment has been selected as split plot, the main plot with 4 different concentration level such as (200-250-3500 and 350 Kg/ha) and sub plot density with 3 different level such as 111000,83000 and 66000 plan/ha respectively. From stage growth up to harvesting of corn in this reache having Data for each treat. ment, After harvesting Analysis of variance and companion of Average of each treatment has been done by DunKan method. Results has been shown, Measurment of characteristics (yield component) seed yield effected different density level of manure, with increasing of manure weight of one thousand seed yield and also in high density showed high significant differente amoung each other. These are with suitable climatic condition of sistan region if enough water will be available ed using Amount of 350 ks/ha Nitrogen manure and with density 111000 plants/ha we can product suitable seed yield Biological yield.
Sole crops and intercrops of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were studied at eight planting ratios of maize: cowpea (100:100, 50:100, 100:50, 25:75, 75:25, 50:50, 0:100 and ...100:0 ) and two harvest times (milky stage and doughy stage). This experiment was carried during two years (2007 and 2008) on Research Center, University of Zabol, Iran, to investigate the influence of cowpea on the microclimate of their intercrop and sole maize (SM) as control. Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature (ST), soil moisture (SM) and crop yield were carried out to study the effects of intercropping on crop yield in a cowpea-maize intercropping system in Sistan at southeast of Iran. We found that intercropping increased the amount of absorption PAR compared to sole crop of maize. The highest amount of PAR was obtained at 100% cowpea + 100% maize with no significant difference to 100% cowpea + 50% maize. The lowest amount of PAR was obtained at 75% maize + 25% cowpea. Intercropping system had significant effects on soil temperature and soil moisture (P<0.01). The highest soil temperature was obtained at sole maize and the lowest temperature was at sole cowpea. Soil moisture was lowest at sole maize and highest at sole cowpea. LER (land equivalent ratio) values were greater in all intercropping systems with different planting ratios which indicated yield advantage of intercropping over sole cropping of maize. Results indicate that intercropping can increase light interception and increased shading in intercropping system compared to sole maize and reduce water evaporation and improve conservation of soil moisture. Based on high grain and suitable environmental condition, intercrop productivity compared to sole crop could be selected for improving the productivity of maize/cowpea mixture in the Southeast of Iran.
In one experiment at greenhouse, condition was established to determine the effects of complete fertilizers on growth of plantlet Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Southeast of Iran. This experiment was ...conducted in the Agricultural Research Center, University of Zabol, in autumn year of 2008. This study was designed as a completely randomized design with four treatments involving control treatment and three complete fertilizers (Fosamco, Albatroz and Jonoobgan fertilizer). Amount of dose was two in thousand with three replications. All fertilizer spray solutions were applied on the twigs by spraying. In this study, we conducted measurement of height of plantlet, number of leaf, leaf area and percentage of leaf extract. The results indicate that there was significant difference between leaf area, height of plantlet and number of leaf at 5% probability, and percentage of leaf extract at 1% probability. Average comparison was made by Duncan test. Our results show that Jonoobgan fertilizer compared with other fertilizers had high effect on increasing amount of leaf extract, while Albatroz fertilizer has high effect on height of plantlet, number of leaf and leaf area. Hence, we recommend the used of Albatroz fertilizer for increased growth and Jonoobgan fertilizer for increasing leaf extract plantlet of Eucalyptus.
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