•Evaluation of egg products freshness by instrumental solutions is a relevant industrial need.•Ion Mobility Spectrometry coupled to Gas Chromatography (GC-IMS) provides a rapid, sensitive, ...cost-effective tool.•Developed correspondent chemometric model correctly predicts egg products freshness condition.•Freshness-related selected chemical marker compounds were identified by parallel SPME-GC-MS.•GC-IMS fingerprinting approach could be applied to detect other fraud issues within egg products chain.
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Egg products freshness is a crucial problem for the production of safe and high quality food. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) coupled to Gas Chromatography (GC), provides a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective tool for the detection of freshness issues. A chemometric model was created recording the volatile fingerprints of the different egg products batches, analyzed as fresh, then left at room temperature and daily controlled: 97% was correctly predicted by the model. Beside this, a selection of chemical marker compounds, coherently related with eggs thermal degradation processes, was also identified through the exploitation of Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography (SPME-GC-MS) technique and associated to the parallel IMS volatile fingerprinting. The GC-IMS system was successfully challenged with the analysis of mixtures in which the predominant component was fresh egg product and different aged eggs were progressively added as adulterants, certifying the reliability of the method also for the detection of sharper fraudulent activities.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical profile of a proprietary rosemary (
L.) extract rich in carnosic acid. A characterization of the (poly)phenolic and volatile ...fractions of the extract was carried out using mass spectrometric techniques. The (poly)phenolic composition was assessed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS
) and a total of 57 compounds were tentatively identified and quantified, 14 of these being detected in rosemary extract for the first time. The rosemary extract contained 24 flavonoids (mainly flavones, although flavonols and flavanones were also detected), 5 phenolic acids, 24 diterpenoids (carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol derivatives), 1 triterpenoid (betulinic acid), and 3 lignans (medioresinol derivatives). Carnosic acid was the predominant phenolic compound. The volatile profile of the rosemary extract was evaluated by head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) linked to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty-three volatile molecules (mainly terpenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and ketones) were identified. This characterization extends the current knowledge on the phytochemistry of
and is, to our knowledge, the broadest profiling of its secondary metabolites to date. It can assist in the authentication of rosemary extracts or rosemary-containing products or in testing its bioactivity. Moreover, this methodological approach could be applied to the study of other plant-based food ingredients.
"Masked mycotoxins" senso strictu are conjugates of mycotoxins resulting from metabolic pathways activated by the interplay between pathogenic fungi and infected plants. Zearalenone, an estrogenic ...mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp, was the first masked mycotoxin ever described in the literature, but its biotransformation has been studied to a lesser extent if compared to other compounds such as deoxynivalenol. We presented herein the first application of organ and tissue culture techniques to study the metabolic fate of zearalenone in durum wheat, using an untargeted HR-LCMS approach. A complete, quick absorption of zearalenone by uninfected plant organs was noticed, and its biotransformation into a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites has been depicted. Therefore, wheat organ tissue cultures can be effectively used as a biocatalytic tool for the production of masked mycotoxins, as well as a replicable model for the investigation of the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat physiology.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The comprehensive identification of phenolic compounds in food and beverages is a crucial starting point for assessing their biological, nutritional, and technological properties. Pomegranate (Punica ...granatum L.) has been described as a rich source of (poly)phenolic components, with a broad array of different structures (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and hydrolyzable tannins) and a quick, high throughput, and accurate screening of its complete profile is still lacking. In the present work, a method for UHPLC separation and linear ion trap mass spectrometric (MSn) characterization of pomegranate juice phenolic fraction was optimized by comparing several different analytical conditions. The best solutions for phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and ellagitannins have been delineated and more than 70 compounds have been identified and fully characterized in less than one hour total analysis time. Twenty-one compounds were tentatively detected for the first time in pomegranate juice. The proposed fingerprinting approach could be easily translated to other plant derived food extracts and beverages containing a wide array of phytochemical compounds.
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•The occurrence and co-occurrence of 16 mycotoxins was determined in 105 plant-based meat alternatives.•A simulation model was created to assess dietary exposure to mycotoxins based ...on meat alternatives consumption.•Cumulative exposure to different mycotoxins indicated a potential a health risk.•The potential liver cancer risk from exposure to aflatoxin B1 was low between 0 and 0.05/100,000 individuals.•Mycotoxin regulations in meat alternatives need to be taken into consideration.
This study aimed to present the occurrence of sixteen mycotoxins in 105 meat alternatives based on wheat, legumes, and vegetables from Italy. The targeted mycotoxins were aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENNB), and beauvericin (BEA). The occurrence of mycotoxins was between 0% (AFB2) – 97.4% (ENNB). Mycotoxin co-occurrence varied from binary combinations up to mixtures of twelve. To assess the dietary exposure and potential health risks we simulated the replacement of meat consumption for Italian consumers with meat alternatives. The cumulative exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins and trichothecenes indicated a potential health risk while the exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A indicated a potential health concern related to liver and renal cancer in the model scenario. Moreover, we estimated the risk of liver cancer from exposure to AFB1 and quantified the potential burden using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Luckily, the potential risk of liver cancer was low between 0 and 0.05/100,000 individuals with an associated burden of disease of 0.83 DALYs/100,000 individuals. Taking into consideration the presence of meat alternatives on the food market and the ongoing shift towards plant-based diets there is a need for continuous monitoring to keep the occurrence at safe levels. More attention is needed from the regulatory side for policymakers to consider the legislations of mycotoxins in meat alternatives.
In this work, the Longissimus thoracis pig skeletal muscle was used as a model to investigate the impact of two different diets, supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from extruded ...linseed (L) and polyphenols from grape skin and oregano extracts (L+P), on the lipidomic profile of meat. A standard diet for growing-finishing pigs (CTRL) was used as a control. Changes in lipids profile were investigated through an untargeted lipidomics and transcriptomics combined investigation. The lipidomics identified 1507 compounds, with 195 compounds fitting with the MS/MS spectra of LipidBlast database. When compared with the CTRL group, the L+P diet significantly increased 15 glycerophospholipids and 8 sphingolipids, while the L diet determined a marked up-accumulation of glycerolipids. According to the correlations outlined between discriminant lipids and genes, the L diet may act preventing adipogenesis and the related inflammation processes, while the L+P diet promoted the expression of genes involved in lipids' biosynthesis and adipogenic extracellular matrix formation and functioning.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on plant metabolites of mycotoxins, also called masked mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, ...toxic to human and animals. Toxigenic fungi often grow on edible plants, thus contaminating food and feed. Plants, as living organisms, can alter the chemical structure of mycotoxins as part of their defence against xenobiotics. The extractable conjugated or non‐extractable bound mycotoxins formed remain present in the plant tissue but are currently neither routinely screened for in food nor regulated by legislation, thus they may be considered masked. Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, nivalenol, fusarenon‐X, T‐2 toxin, HT‐2 toxin, fusaric acid) are prone to metabolisation or binding by plants, but transformation of other mycotoxins by plants (ochratoxin A, patulin, destruxins) has also been described. Toxicological data are scarce, but several studies highlight the potential threat to consumer safety from these substances. In particular, the possible hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins back to their toxic parents during mammalian digestion raises concerns. Dedicated chapters of this article address plant metabolism as well as the occurrence of masked mycotoxins in food, analytical aspects for their determination, toxicology and their impact on stakeholders.
► Tomatoes were harvested at two ripening stages and let to ripe with or without UV-B. ► UV-B treatment increased carotenoid and ascorbic acid content in Money maker fruits. ► Irradiated fruits of ...high pigment-1 showed very few changes in nutraceutical content. ► Colour parameters were more influenced by harvesting stage than UV-B treatment. ► Fruit firmness was negatively affected by UV-B irradiation in both genotypes.
Nutraceutical (ascorbic acid and carotenoids) and physical (colour and firmness) parameters were evaluated in two tomato genotypes (Money maker and high pigment-1) subjected to post harvest UV-B irradiation at different ripening stages (mature green and turning).
UV-B treatment increased the concentration of ascorbic acid and carotenoids in Money maker flesh and peel, while high pigment-1 fruits underwent only minor changes, suggesting that hp-1 mutation decreased the fruit ability to respond to UV-B radiation. Colour parameters appeared to be more influenced by harvesting stages than UV-B with the exception of redness (a∗), which in Money maker was found to increase in both flesh and peel of irradiated fruits at turning stage, although not significantly, while control was more red than treated at mature green stage. Firmness was negatively influenced by UV-B, as tomatoes were found to soften after the treatment, although this aspect needs further studies to be clarified.
The present paper reports a complete mass spectrometric characterization of both the phenolic and volatile fractions of a dried spearmint extract. Phenolic compounds were analysed by ultra-high ...performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS(n)) and a total of 66 compounds were tentatively identified, being the widest phenolic characterisation of spearmint to date. The analysis suggests that the extract is composed of rosmarinic acid and its derivatives (230.5 ± 13.5 mg/g) with smaller amounts of salvianolic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavones, and flavanones. Head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, that was applied to characterize the volatile fraction of spearmint, identified molecules belonging to different chemical classes, such as p-cymene, isopiperitone, and piperitone, dihydroedulan II, menthone, p-cymen-8-ol, and β-linalool. This comprehensive phytochemical analysis can be useful to test the authenticity of this product rich in rosmarinic acid and other phenolics, and when assessing its biological properties. It may also be applied to other plant-derived food extracts and beverages containing a broad range of phytochemical compounds.
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced by diverse genera of molds that may contaminate food and feed threatening the health of humans and animals. Recent findings underline the ...importance of studying the combined occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and the relevance of assessing the toxicity their simultaneous exposure may cause in living organisms. In this context, for the first time, this work has critically reviewed the most relevant data concerning the occurrence and toxicity of mycotoxins produced by
spp., which are among the most important emerging risks to be assessed in food safety, alone or in combination with other mycotoxins and bioactive food constituents. According to the literature covered, multiple
mycotoxins may often occur simultaneously in contaminated food, along with several other mycotoxins and food bioactives inherently present in the studied matrices. Although the toxicity of combinations naturally found in food has been rarely assessed experimentally, the data collected so far, clearly point out that chemical mixtures may differ in their toxicity compared to the effect of toxins tested individually. The data presented here may provide a solid foothold to better support the risk assessment of
mycotoxins highlighting the actual role of chemical mixtures on influencing their toxicity.
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