Correctly identifying oneself as being overweight is presumed to be a prerequisite to successful weight management. The present research examined the effect that perceiving oneself as being ...'overweight' has on risk of future weight gain in US and UK adults.
Data from three longitudinal studies; US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) 2001/2002-2008/2009, UK National Child Development Study (NCDS) 1981-2002/2004, and Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) 1995/1996-2004/2005, were used to examine the impact of perceiving oneself as being overweight on weight gain across adulthood in over 14 000 US and UK adults.
Participants who perceived their weight status as being overweight were at an increased risk of subsequent weight gain. This effect was observed irrespective of weight status at baseline and whether weight status perceptions were accurate or inaccurate. In the MIDUS sample, perceiving oneself as being overweight was associated with overeating in response to stress and this mediated the relationship between perceived overweight and weight gain.
Perceiving oneself as being 'overweight' is counter-intuitively associated with an increased risk of future weight gain among US and UK adults.
Dietitians are nutrition professionals equipped with specialised skills required to prevent and treat malnutrition in cancer. Optimisation of dietary intake is recommended as the primary nutrition ...strategy for the treatment of cancer-related malnutrition. However, it is unclear whether dietary patterns, described as the combination, quantity, and frequency of food consumption, are considered. This study examined dietitians' current food-based management of malnutrition; explored dietitians' awareness of dietary patterns and assessed barriers and enablers to the use of dietary patterns in clinical practice.
This qualitative study consisted of semi-structured interviews with oncology dietitians. Dietitians were recruited through national nutrition societies, social media, and professional networks. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.
Fourteen oncology dietitians from across four Australian states and territories participated. Three themes were identified: (i) principles to guide nutritional care, (ii) dietary patterns as a gap in knowledge and practice, and (iii) opportunities for better care with systems as both a barrier and enabler. Dietetic practice was food-focussed, encouraging energy and protein-rich foods consistent with nutrient-focussed evidence-based guidelines. Dietitians encouraged one of two nutrition-related approaches, either encouraging intake of 'any tolerated food' or 'foods supportive on longer-term health'. Dietitians were generally unaware of dietary patterns and questioned their relevance in certain clinical situations. A multidisciplinary team approach, adequate food service and dissemination of dietary patterns research and education were identified as opportunities for better patient care.
Recommendations for the treatment of malnutrition vary between oncology dietitians and uncertainty exists regarding dietary patterns and their relevance in clinical practice. Further exploration into the role of dietary patterns to treat cancer-related malnutrition and education for dietitians are required prior to implementation of a dietary patterns approach into clinical practice.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ga+ Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopes (FIB-SEM) have revolutionised the level of microstructural information that can be recovered in 3D by block face serial section tomography (SST), as ...well as enabling the site-specific removal of smaller regions for subsequent transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. However, Ga+ FIB material removal rates limit the volumes and depths that can be probed to dimensions in the tens of microns range. Emerging Xe+ Plasma Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscope (PFIB-SEM) systems promise faster removal rates. Here we examine the potential of the method for large volume serial section tomography as applied to bainitic steel and WC–Co hard metals. Our studies demonstrate that with careful control of milling parameters precise automated serial sectioning can be achieved with low levels of milling artefacts at removal rates some 60× faster. Volumes that are hundreds of microns in dimension have been collected using fully automated SST routines in feasible timescales (<24h) showing good grain orientation contrast and capturing microstructural features at the tens of nanometres to the tens of microns scale. Accompanying electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) maps show high indexing rates suggesting low levels of surface damage. Further, under high current Ga+ FIB milling WC–Co is prone to amorphisation of WC surface layers and phase transformation of the Co phase, neither of which have been observed at PFIB currents as high as 60nA at 30kV. Xe+ PFIB dual beam microscopes promise to radically extend our capability for 3D tomography, 3D EDX, 3D EBSD as well as correlative tomography.
•The uptake of dual beam FIBs has been rapid but long milling times have limited imaged volumes to tens of micron dimensions.•Emerging plasma Xe+ PFIB-SEM technology offers materials removal rates at least 60× greater than conventional Ga+ FIB systems with comparable or less damage.•The PFIB-SEM can provide a critical link between non-destructive X-ray imaging and destructive serial sectioning within a correlative tomography framework.
The human gut virome is thought to significantly impact the microbiome and human health. However, most virome analyses have been performed on a limited fraction of known viruses. Using whole-virome ...analysis on a published keystone inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort and an in-house ulcerative colitis dataset, we shed light on the composition of the human gut virome in IBD beyond this identifiable minority. We observe IBD-specific changes to the virome and increased numbers of temperate phage sequences in individuals with Crohn’s disease. Unlike prior database-dependent methods, no changes in viral richness were observed. Among IBD subjects, the changes in virome composition reflected alterations in bacterial composition. Furthermore, incorporating both bacteriome and virome composition offered greater classification power between health and disease. This approach to analyzing whole virome across cohorts highlights significant IBD signals, which may be crucial for developing future biomarkers and therapeutics.
Display omitted
•Analyzing viral dark matter changes our understanding of the gut virome•Gene-based clustering can address the challenges of high inter-individual variation•Healthy human gut virome is dominated by a stable core of virulent bacteriophages•In Crohn’s disease, the virulent core is replaced with temperate bacteriophages
In this study, Clooney et al. describe changes in the composition and function of the human gut virome by analyzing both known and unknown viral sequences. They provide evidence that a healthy core of virulent bacteriophage is replaced by temperate bacteriophage in inflammatory bowel disease.
The Morphometry of Impact Craters on Bennu Daly, R. T.; Bierhaus, E. B.; Barnouin, O. S. ...
Geophysical research letters,
28 December 2020, Letnik:
47, Številka:
24
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bennu is an ~500‐m‐diameter rubble‐pile asteroid that is the target of detailed study by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) ...mission. Here we use data from the OSIRIS‐REx Laser Altimeter to assess depth‐to‐diameter ratios (d/D) of 108 impact craters larger than 10 m in diameter. The d/D of craters on Bennu ranges from 0.02 to 0.19. The mean is 0.10 ± 0.03. The smallest craters show the broadest range in d/D, consistent with d/D measurements on other asteroids. A few craters have central mounds, which is interpreted as evidence that a more competent substrate lies a few meters beneath them. The range of d/D narrows as crater size increases, with craters larger than 80 m tending toward smaller d/D. At large scales, increases in target strength with depth, combined with target curvature, may affect crater morphometry.
Plain Language Summary
Between 2018 and 2020, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) spacecraft orbited a small asteroid called Bennu in preparation to collect a sample for return to Earth. Bennu is a “rubble‐pile” asteroid, meaning an aggregate of rock fragments that have coalesced together in space. OSIRIS‐REx observations showed that Bennu has many craters on its surface, which formed when other, smaller objects collided with it in the past. Crater depths and widths (diameters), in addition to relating to the size and speed of the impacting object, also reflect the physical characteristics of the impacted surface. Accordingly, we measured the depths and diameters of many of Bennu's craters to better understand the surface and interior properties of this rubble‐pile asteroid and how it compares to other asteroids. The smaller craters on Bennu have a variety of depths, even among similarly sized craters. The largest are so wide that they appear to be affected by the curvature of Bennu's surface and by the presence of stronger material at depth. We observe mounds inside some of the smaller craters, supporting the idea that a more competent substrate underlies the surface material.
Key Points
The depth‐to‐diameter ratio (d/D) of asteroid Bennu's craters >10 m in diameter ranges from 0.02 to 0.19 with a mean of 0.10 ± 0.03
Small craters show the greatest diversity in d/D, whereas larger craters (>80 m) span a narrower range in d/D and tend to be shallower
For craters >80 m, increases in target strength with depth, combined with target curvature, likely contribute to smaller d/D
Unemployment is an established predictor of psychological distress. Despite this robust relationship, the long-term impact of unemployment on human welfare has been examined in relatively few ...studies. In this investigation we test the association between the life-time duration of unemployment over a 34 year period from 1974 to 2008 and psychological distress at age 50 years in a sample of 6253 British adults who took part in the National Child Development Study (NCDS). In addition to adjusting for demographic characteristics, we account for the role of childhood psychological factors, which have been shown to predict adult occupational and mental health outcomes and may determine the connection between unemployment and distress. We find that intelligence and behavioral/emotional problems at age 11 predict both unemployment and psychological distress later in life. Furthermore, as predicted, the duration of unemployment throughout adulthood was associated with elevated levels of psychological distress at age 50, after adjusting for demographic characteristics including labor force status at age 50. The emotional impact of unemployment was only marginally attenuated by the inclusion of childhood factors and early-life distress levels in the analyses. Thus, unemployment may lead to worsening distress levels that persist over time and which cannot be attributed to childhood or early-life well-being or cognitive functioning early in life. Our analysis further supports the idea of psychological scarring from unemployment and the importance of employment outcomes for adult well-being.
► Examines the long-run psychological effects of unemployment in a prospective British birth cohort. ► Tests the association between total duration of unemployment over a 34 year period and midlife psychological distress. ► Finds that intelligence and emotional problems at age 11 predict unemployment and psychological distress at age 50. ► Shows persistent psychological scarring from unemployment that cannot be attributed to early-life psychological problems.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies, with the groups at greatest risk including housebound, community‐dwelling older and/or disabled people, those in residential care, dark‐skinned people ...(particularly those modestly dressed), and other people who regularly avoid sun exposure or work indoors.
Most adults are unlikely to obtain more than 5%–10% of their vitamin D requirement from dietary sources. The main source of vitamin D for people residing in Australia and New Zealand is exposure to sunlight.
A serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) level of ≥ 50 nmol/L at the end of winter (10–20 nmol/L higher at the end of summer, to allow for seasonal decrease) is required for optimal musculoskeletal health.
Although it is likely that higher serum 25‐OHD levels play a role in the prevention of some disease states, there is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to recommend higher targets.
For moderately fair‐skinned people, a walk with arms exposed for 6–7 minutes mid morning or mid afternoon in summer, and with as much bare skin exposed as feasible for 7–40 minutes (depending on latitude) at noon in winter, on most days, is likely to be helpful in maintaining adequate vitamin D levels in the body.
When sun exposure is minimal, vitamin D intake from dietary sources and supplementation of at least 600 IU (15 μg) per day for people aged ≤ 70 years and 800 IU (20 μg) per day for those aged > 70 years is recommended. People in high‐risk groups may require higher doses.
There is good evidence that vitamin D plus calcium supplementation effectively reduces fractures and falls in older men and women.
Abstract Objectives Osteoporotic fractures are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although exercise has long been recommended for the prevention and management of osteoporosis, ...existing guidelines are often non-specific and do not account for individual differences in bone health, fracture risk and functional capacity. The aim of the current position statement is to provide health practitioners with specific, evidence-based guidelines for safe and effective exercise prescription for the prevention or management of osteoporosis, accommodating a range of potential comorbidities. Design Position statement. Methods Interpretation and application of research reports describing the effects of exercise interventions for the prevention and management of low bone mass, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Results Evidence from animal and human trials indicates that bone responds positively to impact activities and high intensity progressive resistance training. Furthermore, the optimisation of muscle strength, balance and mobility minimises the risk of falls (and thereby fracture), which is particularly relevant for individuals with limited functional capacity and/or a very high risk of osteoporotic fracture. It is important that all exercise programs be accompanied by sufficient calcium and vitamin D, and address issues of comorbidity and safety. For example, loaded spine flexion is not recommended, and impact activities may require modification in the presence of osteoarthritis or frailty. Conclusions Specific guidelines for safe and effective exercise for bone health are presented. Individual exercise prescription must take into account existing bone health status, co-morbidities, and functional or clinical risk factors for falls and fracture.
An asteroid's history is determined in large part by its strength against collisions with other objects
(impact strength). Laboratory experiments on centimetre-scale meteorites
have been extrapolated ...and buttressed with numerical simulations to derive the impact strength at the asteroid scale
. In situ evidence of impacts on boulders on airless planetary bodies has come from Apollo lunar samples
and images of the asteroid (25143) Itokawa
. It has not yet been possible, however, to assess directly the impact strength, and thus the absolute surface age, of the boulders that constitute the building blocks of a rubble-pile asteroid. Here we report an analysis of the size and depth of craters observed on boulders on the asteroid (101955) Bennu. We show that the impact strength of metre-sized boulders is 0.44 to 1.7 megapascals, which is low compared to that of solid terrestrial materials. We infer that Bennu's metre-sized boulders record its history of impact by millimetre- to centimetre-scale objects in near-Earth space. We conclude that this population of near-Earth impactors has a size frequency distribution similar to that of metre-scale bolides and originates from the asteroidal population. Our results indicate that Bennu has been dynamically decoupled from the main asteroid belt for 1.75 ± 0.75 million years.
Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation. How this bacterium can grow under chronic γ radiation 50 grays (Gy) per hour or recover from acute doses greater than 10 kGy is ...unknown. We show that D. radiodurans accumulates very high intracellular manganese and low iron levels compared with radiation-sensitive bacteria and that resistance exhibits a concentration-dependent response to manganous chloride Mn(II). Among the most radiation-resistant bacterial groups reported, Deinococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and cyanobacteria accumulate Mn(II). In contrast, Shewanella oneidensis and Pseudomonas putida have high iron but low intracellular manganese concentrations and are very sensitive. We propose that Mn(II) accumulation facilitates recovery from radiation injury.
PDF
