O teorijah migracij imamo na voljo zajetno literaturo, verjetno najobsežnejšo, če govorimo o teorijah, ki razlagajo temeljne demografske komponente, kot so nataliteta, mortaliteta in migracije. ...Čeprav je seznam teorij migracij nenavadno obsežen, ostajajo teorije nezmožne celostno razložiti tako kompleksen pojav, kot je človeška mobilnost (cf. Massey et al., 1993).Teoretski migracijski korpus je že dolgo razcepljen vzdolž kartezijanskega dualizma. Lep primer za to je denimo Greenwoodova študija iz leta 1985 o notranjih migracijah v ZDA. Greenwood omenja »fundamentalne spremembe«, ki so se zgodile v sedemdesetih in osemdesetih letih 20. stoletja in ki jih je pripisal novim metodološkim pristopom k analizi in modeliranju podatkov (Greenwood, 1985). Z današnje perspektive se zdijo taka razmišljanja tehnokratska, saj je, kot je opozoril že Harvey (2005, 12), svet zgrmel v globalno krizo še pred naftno krizo leta 1973, kar je povzročilo razmah neoliberalne razvojne paradigme. Prav ta je narekovala »revolucioniranje« ekonomskih postopkov. Med njimi je zlasti pomembna uvedba finančnih instrumentov, ki so uveljavljali nove in nove metodološke aplikacije na različnih področjih. Seveda je razmah te »nove ekonomije« povzročil spremembo v razmestitvi delovnih mest v ZDA, s tem pa posledično tudi nove migracijske vzorce. Ne glede na to Greenwoodovo pričakovano kratkovidnost pa je njegov članek uveljavil kartezijansko delitev na notranje in zunanje migracije. Ta oblika dualizma še vedno dominira v splošnem, posledično pa tudi v migracijskem raziskovanju (prim. Gerber, 1997).Zavedajoč se zmotnosti tega dualizma (po Gerber, 1997), predlagamo predrugačen pogled na migracije, s pomočjo katerega bi celostno razumeli »obe vrsti migracij«, in sicer kot prepleteni in praktično nerazdružljivi. Pri tem gradimo na podatkih, zbranih z raziskavo o jugoslovanskih notranjih migracijah (2002–2006) in njihovih učinkih v Sloveniji. Na osnovi analize uradnih jugoslovanskih (1948–1991) in slovenskih (po letu 1991) statističnih podatkov ter podatkov ankete, izvedene v obdobju 2001–2004, trdimo, da je delitev na notranje in zunanje migracije z vidika definiranja vzrokov in posledic migracij v Slovenijo irelevantna. Poleg tega zagovarjamo tezo, da je še ena od delitev migracij, in sicer na prostovoljne in prisilne, prav tako nezadostna. Zlasti v jugoslovanskem prostoru uveljavljeni raziskovalec migracij P. Klinar (1985) je denimo na primeru zdomcev oziroma začasnih delavcev v Zvezni republiki Nemčiji poleg delitve na zunanje in notranje migracije uveljavljal tudi delitev na prisilne in prostovoljne migracije. Prav njegov pomemben teoretski doprinos nam je pomenil izhodišče za idejo, da smo pričeli prevpraševati vidik prisilnosti migracij. Kot bomo pokazali v nadaljevanju, jugoslovanske migracije (1945–1991) obravnavamo v okviru potencialno prisilnih, polprisilnih ali »psevdoprostovoljnih migracij«. Na podlagi teoretskih in empiričnih ugotovitev smo proizvedli tudi posodobljen analitski okvir za individualno ali skupinsko analizo migracij.
Određivanje granica u Istri je stari pothvat. Ustvari, nije prestao čak ni danas. U posljednjih nekoliko stoljeća granice na istarskom poluotoku doživjele su značajne promjene (posebice nakon ...propasti Mletačke Republike 1797. godine). No Istra je također zbog prijepora oko teritorija Trsta nadaleko poznata kao jedno od problematičnijih graničnih područja u Europi u poslijeratnom razdoblju. Prema mišljenju autora, ovaj problem je jedan od četiriju glavnih suvremenih graničnih problema između Slovenije i Hrvatske. Ostala tri su Kozlerova granica oko rijeke Dragonje (Rokave), nejasni pojmovi u austrijskim popisima u Istri, te priče o partizanskim naseljima pod vojnom upravom. No postoje i drugi važni aspekti koji su značajno utjecali na razvoj ovoga spora, ali u ovom radu pozornost će biti usmjerena na prije navedene probleme. U skladu s time analiziraju se učinci ishoda spora oko tršćanskog teritorija i njihov utjecaj na suvremene granične probleme. Upozoravanjem na materijalne i psihološke učinke ovoga spora na suvremene bilateralne odnose te njegovom analizom također se otkriva pozadina nikad odgovorenog pitanja – zašto je lingvistička granica oko Rijeke Dragonje (Rokave) koju je predložio Kozler postala granica od nacionalnog značenja. Iako je danas navedena granica često osporavana, teško je očekivati da će obje strane odustati od granice koju je jednom odredio laik. Unatoč snažnim prijeporima u slovenskim javnim medijima vezanim uz pitanje treba li međudržavna granica biti na rijekama Mirni i Dragonji, u radu je utvrđeno da je izbor granice u dolini rijeke Dragonje zapravo slovenski. Argumenti se temelje na opsežnoj analizi kartografskih materijala, relevantne literature, dokumenata i statističkih podataka.
This paper presents new data on the age structure of hospitalised SARI (severe
acute respiratory infection) patients, with or without COVID-19, broken down
by gender, place of infection, and region. ...The leading hypothesis that COVID-19
deaths are overestimated despite the high share of excess deaths was confirmed,
bringing to light the important issue of the demographic breakdown
of the population at risk. Thus, the main reason for the decreasing number of
COVID-19 deaths is to be sought within the exhausted demographic pool of
the elderly population in 2020, when the mortality rate was 19% higher compared
to the previous five-year period (2015–2019). Demographic disparities
across regions are immense and statistically explain the differences in the
“infected versus deceased” ratio. The excess mortality in 2020 was unusually
high, but the projected value for 2020 based on the mortality pattern across
age groups from 2015 to 2019 contributed up to one-third of the surplus. So,
for one-quarter of alleged COVID-19 deaths (roughly 600 out of some 3,300
in 2020), death was expected to take place in 2020 anyway.
The article examines how the initial Covid-19 spread reached Slovenia, how the infections are distributed across the Slovenian regions, and what disparities can be traced in municipalities, ...especially along the Croatian and Austrian borders. Furthermore, it identifies the demographic groups most affected by the restrictive measures as well as by SARS-CoV-2 infections and Covid-19 deaths. The research hypothesis was that peripheral and border area populations, including ethnic minorities, in Slovenia suffer the Covid-19 restrictions the most. Employing interdisciplinary analyses, we conclude that the spread of Covid-19 in Slovenia and the imposed lockdowns to municipalities create new vulnerable groups and that the wholesale lockdown cannot deliver the desired results if oriented to broad populations without considering regional and local disparities.
Avtor v članku razpravlja o prisotnosti Slovencev na »avstro-ogrskem« območju nekdanje SFRJ s pomočjo koncepta politično motiviranega naseljevanja na za večnacionalne države strateško pomembna ...območja. Poleg komparativne analize popisnih metodologij, ki so zbirale razne jezikovne in etnične pri- padnosti v obdobju od prvih modernih popisov sredi 19. stoletja do danes, avtor sistematično naslavlja vprašanje kvantitativne in statistične prisotnosti Slovencev na območjih, katerih teritorialne naslednice so federalne enote nekdanje Jugoslavije. Glavna skupina ugotovitev se osredinja na instrumentalizacijo etničnosti kot ključnega evidentiranega dejavnika planskih migracij s strani državnih centrov večnacionalnih držav (npr. Avstro-Ogrska, nekdanja SFRJ). Prispevek na podlagi analiz podatkov trdi, da se je motiviranost prebivalstva pripadati slovenski etniciteti bodisi skozi nominalno govorjeni jezik bodisi skozi izrecno etnično pripadnost ustvarjala in poustvarjala neodvisno od realnih migracijskih tokov.
V príspevku so s primerjavo podatkov popisov 1991, 2002 in 2015 analizirane spremembe etnične in migracijske ter izobrazbene strukture prebivalstva mestne občine Ljubljana. Ugotovljeno je, da ...klasična analiza podatkov o etničnosti, jeziku in veri v okviru popisa ni več mogoča, mogoča pa je podrobna analiza migracijskih procesov, iz katerih lahko posredno sklepamo tudi na spremembe v etnični strukturi prebivalstva. Namen prispevka je prikazati analitsko vrednost podatkov, zbranih z registrskim popisom 2015, na primer tudi pri ugotavljanju razlik v izobrazbi. Analiza je pokazala, da se je od zadnjega klasičnega popisa prebivalstvena struktura Ljubljane izrazito spremenila tako po migracijskih kot po socioekonomskih obeležjih in da je prišlo do vzporednih procesov gentrifikacije na eni strani in pavperizacije na drugi, slednja pa je zlasti značilna za priseljensko prebivalstvo.
The paper discusses the COVID-19 mortality in Slovenia and Croatia in 2020 and 2021. The aim of the paper is to determine similarities and differences in mortality trends during COVID-19 period and ...to discuss the underlying causes and consequences. It is hypothesised that the unfavourable age structure of both countries was a catalyst of the excess mortality differentials, and that the different paths of post-socialist transitions significantly contributed to differential mortality in 2020. The analyses confirmed a biased effect of the excess mortality indicator, which is applicable only if supported with sufficient attributive data. Moreover, findings confirmed the hypothesis that COVID-19 mortality largely contributed to overall mortality in Slovenia in 2020, particularly due to the increased mortality in long-term care facilities (LTCF) which was about 70% higher compared to that of Croatia.
The aim of the article is to integrally assess the demographic changes after 1990. It is presumed that considerable variations exist in terms of intensity of demographic processes. The following ...analyses encompassed the relevant national or regional statistics, employing methodological adjustment in order to enable data comparison. Herewith, the changing definitions of population presented a special analytical problem. The so-called principle of “permanent” residence was largely replaced with the principle of “usual” residence. By way of the usual residence it was possible to single out the present population and thus to approach the analysis. The main goal was to assess the direct and indirect demographic loss within the post-Yugoslav space. The combined analysis showed that the whole post Yugoslav area suffered a loss of about 5 million inhabitants (including the permanent emigration of the former guest-workers). Except from Slovenia, and stagnating Montenegro and Macedonia, all other countries from the Yugoslav space have lost more or less of their population. Losing a quarter of its pre-war population, Bosnia-Herzegovina suffered the most (1.093 million), but the high loss was determined also for the neighboring Serbia and Croatia. Serbia within its pre-war territory lost almost a million or one tenth of its population, while Croatia lost more than half a million or one ninth of its population. The three core Yugoslav areas lost more than 2.5 million. The analyses confirmed the striking regional differences as well. The highest relative depopulation was recorded in Republika Srpska of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Albania has experienced one of the Europe's highest population migration rates in recent decades. At the same time, the landscape of this country has very dynamic geomorphological behaviour (erosion ...and ground subsidence), as an effect of various drivers. This paper examines the correlation between the population migrations and geomorphological dynamics in the wider Vlora area in Southern Albania between 1979 and 2016. In social studies and the humanities this interplay is largely unrepresented, whereas in the environmental sciences these two issues have been conceptualized as having a causal relationship. The article develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model consisting of (A) remote sensing analysis based on automated land/water detection from satellite data; (B) demographic analysis focusing on population changes using the methods of statistical analysis; and (C) extensive anthropological fieldwork grounded on participant observation, archival work and gathering previously inaccessible statistical and other relevant data. The results of this study show that the coastal erosion or water inundation along with other geomorphological (site-specific relief, place-bound ground subsidence and water bodies distribution) and geotectonic characteristics of the wider Vlora area are inextricably bound up with the population migrations. The paper foregrounds new methodological approaches that correlate coastal or peri-coastal erosion with geomorphological, geotectonic and population movements, and provides a holistic framework that can be applied to examine this issue in similar areas elsewhere.
•Novel insights into the interrelation between land cover change and population movements.•Links (peri)coastal erosion, geomorphological, geotectonic with population dynamics•Develops a tripartite analytic-synthetic model.•Provides a holistic framework for understanding the landscape changes.•Geodynamics embodied in population movements and the latter spatialized in landscape.
The article critically examines censuses in the Republic of Slovenia. Owing to its Yugoslav past, the censuses after 1945 have been closely scrutinized, and the common Yugoslav census methodology had ...a strong influence on the 1991 and 2002 censuses. The 1991 enumeration was carried out within the Yugoslav state; however the data processing and result publishing was done under the newly independent Slovenian state. The 2002 census was the last census to be carried out using classic door-to-door enumeration, since the 2011 census was completely register-based. The paper explores censuses in Slovenia since 1991, noting numerous changes and controversies. In 2002, in contrast to 1991, the applied definition of the resident population left out some 35,000 people working temporarily abroad. In addition, the 2002 census witnessed the highest ever number of ethnically non-affiliated respondents. An even bigger controversy was related to the erasure of some 30,000 people from the register of permanent residents for failing to apply for Slovenian citizenship after the break-up of Yugoslavia. The article also briefly reviews the difficulty in addressing the status of the constitutional national minorities and other unrecognized former Yugoslav nations in a situation in which specific data on their number, social and economic structure are no longer collected.
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