Characterization of physiological traits affected by rice breeding for grain yield under drought conditions shows that atmospheric and soil stresses strengthen the relationship between leaf traits ...and yield across extensive trials in South Asia.
Abstract
Direct selection for yield under drought has resulted in the release of a number of drought-tolerant rice varieties across Asia. In this study, we characterized the physiological traits that have been affected by this strategy in breeding trials across sites in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Drought- breeding lines and drought-tolerant varieties showed consistently longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density than our drought-susceptible check variety, IR64. The influence of environmental parameters other than drought treatments on leaf traits was evidenced by close grouping of treatments within a site. Flag-leaf length and width appeared to be regulated by different environmental parameters. In separate trials in the Philippines, the same breeding lines studied in South Asia showed that canopy temperature under drought and harvest index across treatments were most correlated with grain yield. Both atmospheric and soil stress strengthened the relationships between leaf traits and yield. The stable expression of leaf traits among genotypes and the identification of the environmental conditions in which they contribute to yield, as well as the observation that some breeding lines showed longer time to flowering and higher canopy temperature than IR64, suggest that selection for additional physiological traits may result in further improvements of this breeding pool.
Synthetic pesticides represent a class of toxic chemical compounds which are now slowly being replaced by some natural alternatives. Here we have considered two pesticides, a synthetic one ...(chlorpyrifos) and another naturally obtained (eugenol) pesticide, to make a comparative study of their interaction towards metal ions (Cu
2+
, Co
2+
, Ni
2+
and Zn
2+
). A thorough study of their extraction patterns in aqueous biphasic system (ABS) has been done. Both water and 50% (
w
/
v
) (83 mM) PEG#6000 media were taken to perform the metal-pesticide complexation study. We found a selective interaction between chlorpyrifos and copper ion in PEG media. The newly formed copper-chlorpyrifos complex gives a characteristic λ
max
at 322 nm in UV-Vis spectral study. The binding constant of the complex is 14.48 × 10
3
mol
−1
(from B-H plot) and it follows the first-order reaction kinetics. To study the extraction pattern, two ABSs are considered, one is PEG#6000-sodium tartrate and another one is PEG#6000-sodium citrate. Using these two ABSs, chlorpyrifos, eugenol, copper and copper-chlorpyrifos complex were extracted at different pHs (5, 7 and 9) of the salt-rich phases. Complete extractions were observed for eugenol, chlorpyrifos and Cu-chlorpyrifos complexes from all the pH of tartrate as salt-rich phase. The micellar medium of PEG#6000 is most favourable to form Cu-chlorpyrifos complex and for extraction study. The polymer-rich phase was regenerated using ultracentrifugation, thermoseparation and ion exchange methods for reuse.
Graphical abstract
Refluxing HL 5-chloro-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)methanone with (2-ppy)
2
Ir(μ-Cl)
2
in ethanol-dichloromethane mixture in the presence of a base (NEt
3
) afforded complex ...of composition Ir(2-ppy)
2
(L), where the azo-ligand is coordinated to iridium(III) center as monoanionic bidentate N,O-donors. The ligand and complex were characterized unequivocally. Molecular structures of both the ligand and complex were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The ground and excited-state geometries, absorption, and emission properties of the iridium(III) complex were further examined by DFT and TD-DFT methods. The complex exhibits a blue-violet emission band at 395 nm with quantum yield (Φ) 0.06. Experimental and theoretical studies support the fact that the nature of emission is an admixture of
3
IL and
3
MLCT state.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This research deals with a case study of clear water rising pumping main to supply drinking water in Adityapur Municipality, Jharkhand, India. Pipes are important and most cost bearing entity in a ...water pipeline distribution network. Hence proper selection of pipe is most challenging job to pipeline designers. This study shows about various processes involved in order to get an optimum design in respect to the selection of pipes using WaterGEMS software. A 60 MLD Subarnarekha Water Supply Scheme (WSS) is been considered where two numbers 30 MLD pumps with 40 m rated head have been proposed on the basis of two working and two standby modes to fulfill the demand of drinking water. Mainly cost variation is compared due to change in pipe diameter in relation with energy cost against this WSS. As per the data received, the inputs were incorporated and accordingly the results are interpreted. The whole considered network consists 37 pipes and 10 junctions. Various system outputs are been reflected for steady state simulations. An extended period simulation has also been carried out to compute filling time of all tanks according to their water demands. The pumping energy cost comparison is also reflected when a 1200 mm diameter of pipeline is been replaced with 1000 mm pipeline that runs for 4.173 km. This study is an effort to open up the process of cost optimization in pressure pipeline network for implementation in various water supply schemes.
A pearl millet inbred germplasm association panel (PMiGAP) comprising 250 inbred lines, representative of cultivated germplasm from Africa and Asia, elite improved open-pollinated cultivars, hybrid ...parental inbreds and inbred mapping population parents, was recently established. This study presents the first report of genetic diversity in PMiGAP and its exploitation for association mapping of drought tolerance traits. For diversity and genetic structure analysis, PMiGAP was genotyped with 37 SSR and CISP markers representing all seven linkage groups. For association analysis, it was phenotyped for yield and yield components and morpho-physiological traits under both well-watered and drought conditions, and genotyped with SNPs and InDels from seventeen genes underlying a major validated drought tolerance (DT) QTL. The average gene diversity in PMiGAP was 0.54. The STRUCTURE analysis revealed six subpopulations within PMiGAP. Significant associations were obtained for 22 SNPs and 3 InDels from 13 genes under different treatments. Seven SNPs associations from 5 genes were common under irrigated and one of the drought stress treatments. Most significantly, an important SNP in putative acetyl CoA carboxylase gene showed constitutive association with grain yield, grain harvest index and panicle yield under all treatments. An InDel in putative chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene was significantly associated with both stay-green and grain yield traits under drought stress. This can be used as a functional marker for selecting high yielding genotypes with 'stay green' phenotype under drought stress. The present study identified useful marker-trait associations of important agronomics traits under irrigated and drought stress conditions with genes underlying a major validated DT-QTL in pearl millet. Results suggest that PMiGAP is a useful panel for association mapping. Expression patterns of genes also shed light on some physiological mechanisms underlying pearl millet drought tolerance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a highly drought sensitive crop, and most semi dwarf rice varieties suffer severe yield losses from reproductive stage drought stress. The genetic complexity of drought ...tolerance has deterred the identification of agronomically relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) that can be deployed to improve rice yield under drought in rice. Convergent evidence from physiological characterization, genetic mapping, and multi-location field evaluation was used to address this challenge.
Two pairs of backcross inbred lines (BILs) from a cross between drought-tolerant donor Aday Sel and high-yielding but drought-susceptible rice variety IR64 were produced. From six BC4F3 mapping populations produced by crossing the +QTL BILs with the -QTL BILs and IR64, four major-effect QTL--one each on chromosomes 2, 4, 9, and 10--were identified. Meta-analysis of transcriptome data from the +QTL/-QTL BILs identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) significantly associated with QTL on chromosomes 2, 4, 9, and 10. Physiological characterization of BILs showed increased water uptake ability under drought. The enrichment of DEGs associated with root traits points to differential regulation of root development and function as contributing to drought tolerance in these BILs. BC4F3-derived lines with the QTL conferred yield advantages of 528 to 1875 kg ha⁻¹ over IR64 under reproductive-stage drought stress in the targeted ecosystems of South Asia.
Given the importance of rice in daily food consumption and the popularity of IR64, the BC4F3 lines with multiple QTL could provide higher livelihood security to farmers in drought-prone environments. Candidate genes were shortlisted for further characterization to confirm their role in drought tolerance. Differential yield advantages of different combinations of the four QTL reported here indicate that future research should include optimizing QTL combinations in different genetic backgrounds to maximize yield advantage under drought.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper outlines low power nano-scale circuit design for even parity generator, as well as, even parity checker circuit using quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). The proposed even parity ...generator and even parity checker are achieved by using a new layout of XOR gate. This new XOR gate as a state-of-the-art is much denser and faster than the existing ones. The proposed parity generator has outshined the existing design by reducing the cell count as 10%, area as 5.66%, and latency by 12.5%. The proposed parity checker has also outshined the existing design with an improvement in cell count as 17.94% and in the area as 38.46% having a reduction in latency of 22.22%. The comparison proves that the circuits are denser and faster than the existing one. Nano communication architecture with the proposed circuits also demonstrates the efficiency of this design. Furthermore, the bit-error coverage by the proposed method is described. Besides, the defects in the circuits are explored to facilitate guide to proper implementation. The tests vectors are proposed to identify the defects in the designs and the defect coverage by those test vectors. The estimation of dissipated energy by the layouts establishes a very low energy dissipation nature of the designs. Different parameters like a logic gate, density, and latency are utilized to evaluate the proposed designs that confirm the faster processing speed at nano-scale.
In this paper, the application of hexagonal fuzzy multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology for the site selection of electric vehicle charging stations is considered. In this regard, four ...factors and thirteen sub-factors have been taken into consideration for E-vehicle charging site selection. In this research, the geographic information system (GIS) has been incorporated with MCDM techniques. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is used to obtain a fuzzy weight of factors and sub-factors. MCDM tools fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) and fuzzy complex proportional assessment (FCOPRAS) have been used to rank the selected sites. A centroid-based method for defuzzification and distance measure between two hexagonal fuzzy numbers (HFN) has been developed for this paper. A practical example in Howrah, India, is considered to show the applicability and usefulness of the model. The results depict the suitability of the proposed research. Comparative and sensitivity analyses have been demonstrated to check the reliability, robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Recent advancement in understanding neurological disorders has revealed the involvement of dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We sequenced microbial ...DNA using fecal samples collected from PD cases and healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the role of gut microbiota.
Full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples was performed using amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products on the GridION Nanopore sequencer. Sequenced data were analyzed using web-based tools BugSeq and MicrobiomeAnalyst.
We found that certain bacterial families like Clostridia UCG 014, Cristensenellaceae, and Oscillospiraceae are higher in abundance, and Lachinospiracea, Coriobacteriaceae and genera associated with short-chain fatty acid production,
,
,
and
, are lower in abundance among PD cases when compared with the HC. Genus
,
,
, and
group positively correlated with constipation in PD.
Observations from this study support the other global research on the PD gut microbiome background and provide fresh insight into the gut microbial composition of PD patients from a south Indian population. We report a higher abundance of Clostridia UCG 014 group, previously not linked to PD.
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