Analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones is vital for the etiopathogenesis of gallstone diseases that can ultimately help in the prevention of its formation. In the present study, ...gallstones from seven different regions of India were analyzed to highlight the major difference in their composition. Also, gallstones of different pathological conditions i.e., benign (chronic cholecystitis, CC) and malignant gallbladder disease (gallbladder cancer GBC) were characterized. The type of polymorphs of cholesterol molecules was also studied to provide insight into the structure of gallstones. 1H solution state NMR spectroscopy 1D experiments were performed on a total of 94 gallstone (GS) samples collected from seven different geographical regions of India. Solid-State NMR spectroscopy 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) experiments were done on the 20 CC GS samples and 20 GBC GS samples of two regions. 1H NMR spectra from the solution state NMR of all the stones reveal that cholesterol was a major component of the maximum stones of the north India region while in south Indian regions, GS had very less cholesterol. 13C CPMAS experiments reveal that the quantity of cholesterol was significantly more in the GS of CC in the Lucknow region compared with GBC stones of Lucknow and Chandigarh. Our study also revealed that GS of the Lucknow region of both malignant and benign gallbladder diseases belong to the monohydrate crystalline form of cholesterol while GS of Chandigarh region of both malignant and benign gallbladder diseases exists in both monohydrate crystalline form with the amorphous type and anhydrous form. Gallstones have a complicated and poorly understood etiology. Therefore, it is important to understand the composition of gallstones, which can be found in various forms and clinical conditions. Variations in dietary practices, environmental conditions, and genetic factors may influence and contribute to the formation of GS. Prevention of gallstone formation may help in decreasing the cases of gallbladder cancer.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Metformin, the first‐line drug to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D), inhibits mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase in the liver to suppress gluconeogenesis. However, the direct target and ...the underlying mechanisms by which metformin increases glucose uptake in peripheral tissues remain uncharacterized. Lipid phosphatase Src homology 2 domain‐containing inositol‐5‐phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) is upregulated in diabetic rodent models and suppresses insulin signaling by reducing Akt activation, leading to insulin resistance and diminished glucose uptake. Here, we demonstrate that metformin directly binds to and reduces the catalytic activity of the recombinant SHIP2 phosphatase domain in vitro. Metformin inhibits SHIP2 in cultured cells and in skeletal muscle and kidney of db/db mice. In SHIP2‐overexpressing myotubes, metformin ameliorates reduced glucose uptake by slowing down glucose transporter 4 endocytosis. SHIP2 overexpression reduces Akt activity and enhances podocyte apoptosis, and both are restored to normal levels by metformin. SHIP2 activity is elevated in glomeruli of patients with T2D receiving nonmetformin medication, but not in patients receiving metformin, compared with people without diabetes. Furthermore, podocyte loss in kidneys of metformin‐treated T2D patients is reduced compared with patients receiving nonmetformin medication. Our data unravel a novel molecular mechanism by which metformin enhances glucose uptake and acts renoprotectively by reducing SHIP2 activity.—Polianskyte‐Prause, Z., Tolvanen, T. A., Lindfors, S., Dumont, V., Van, M., Wang, H., Dash, S. N., Berg, M., Naams, J.‐B., Hautala, L. C., Nisen, H., Mirtti, T., Groop, P.‐H., Wähälä, K., Tienari, J., Lehtonen, S. Metformin increases glucose uptake and acts renoprotectively by reducing SHIP2 activity. FASEB J. 33, 2858–2869 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) associated with morbidity especially infertility in developing countries. Laparoscopy may be difficult and ...hazardous in FGTB. The aim of the study was to observe the difficulties and complications of laparoscopy in FGTB cases.
It was a prospective study over 12 years' period on 412 cases of diagnostic laparoscopy performed on FGTB cases with infertility. All patients underwent history taking and clinical examination and endometrial sampling for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene Xpert (last 212 cases) and histopathological evidence of epithelioid granuloma. Another 412 cases of diagnostic laparoscopy in the absence of FGTB performed during same time were taken as controls from the pool of non-TB cases. Various difficulties and complications were noted in both groups and statistical analysis was done.
Mean age, parity, body mass index and duration of infertility were 26.8 versus 25.4 years, 0.32 versus 0.28, 23.15 versus 25.28 Kg/m 2 and 4.15 versus 5.12 years, respectively. Primary and secondary infertility was seen in 78.6% and 20.38% of cases in the study group and 74.75% and 25.24% in the control group, respectively. Endometrial biopsy showed AFB microscopy in 5.3%, culture in 6.3%, epithelioid granuloma in 15.77% and on peritoneal biopsy granuloma in 6.55%, positive PCR in 368 (89.32%) and positive gene Xpert in 38 out of 212 (17.92%, out of last 212 cases). Definite findings of FGTB were seen in 171 (41.50%) cases. Probable findings of FGTB were seen in 241 (58.49%) cases. Various complications were difficulty in the creation of pneumoperitoneum or insertion of trocar and cannula in 16.74% and 13.10% of cases as compared to 1.94% and 1.69% in the control group. Excessive bleeding was seen in 5.09% versus 0.97% cases, respectively. Various injuries observed were bowel injury in 1.69% versus 0.24% cases (small bowel in 1.21% vs. 0.24%, large bowel in 0.48% vs. 0.1%), while bladder injury was seen in 0.97% versus 0.24% cases, subacute intestinal obstruction was seen in 5.8% versus 0.72% cases respectively while flare up of TB was seen in 5.09% versus 0% in cases and controls, respectively. Wound infection was seen in 8.48% versus 1.25% cases, respectively.
FGTB is associated with increased complications and difficulties as compared to laparoscopy in other cases.
Comparative growth and N
2
-fixation of cyanobacteria, namely
Aphanothece
sp. (unicellular) and
Gloeotrichia
sp. (heterocystous, filamentous), were studied after their inoculation to rice crop in the ...absence and presence of urea nitrogen fertilizer. In the absence of N-fertilizer application (control), inoculation of both cyanobacterial species showed significant increase in growth and acetylene reduction activity (ARA), but gradual reduction in these parameters was observed at 30 and 60 kg N ha
−1
of urea application. In inoculation of
Gloeotrichia
sp. at control, 30 and 60 kg N ha
−1
increased grain yield significantly over uninoculated control in both wet and dry seasons, but grain yield with
Aphanothece
sp. inoculation was statistically similar to the control at N levels during both seasons. The inoculation study showed that heterocystous cyanobacteria contributed better than unicellular ones, and application of N-fertilizer adversely affected both growth and N
2
-fixation of native as well of inoculated cyanobacteria.
Pancreatic fibrosis is characterized by the activation of pancreatic stellate cells leading to the expression of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Normal pancreatic tissue has predominantly quiescent ...stellate cells in periductal and perivascular locations, which do not express α-SMA. We aimed at studying the immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression pattern of α-SMA, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in the resected specimen of chronic pancreatitis. Twenty biopsies from resected specimens of patients with chronic pancreatitis were included. The expression was measured in comparison to positive control biopsies (breast carcinoma for PDGF-BB and TGF-β and appendicular tissue for α-SMA) and scored based on a semi-quantitative system based on staining intensity. The percentage of positive cells was used for objective scoring, which ranged from 0 to 15. The scoring was done separately for acini, ducts, stroma and islet cell. All patients had undergone surgery for refractory pain and the median duration of symptoms was 48 months. On IHC, α-SMA was not expressed in the acini, ducts or islets, but had high expression in the stromal regions (vs. acini, ducts and islet,
p
< 0.05), TGF-β1 was also expressed maximally in islet cells; however, the distribution among all locations was statistically similar. α-SMA expression in the pancreatic stroma is an indicator of the concentration of activated stellate cells in the stroma, a site for genesis of fibrosis under the influence of growth factors in the local milieu.
Presently, ilmenite concentrates from Odisha Sands Complex at Chhatrapur, India are utilized to produce TiO
2
slag by direct smelting in an electric arc furnace. However, the process involves the ...consumption of excess electrical energy and difficulty in handling the arc furnace due to frothing effects. A more efficient process of pre-reducing the ilmenite before smelting has been proposed in the present communication. In particular, studies have been undertaken on the reduction process of ilmenite-coke composite pellets. The difference in the reduction behaviour of raw ilmenite and ilmenite-coke composite pellets has been established and compared with that of the pre-oxidized raw pellets. The effects of various processing parameters like temperature, residence time, and reductant percentage on the metallization of composite pellets in a static bed have been investigated. Metallization of about 90% has been achieved at 1250 °C for a reduction period of 360 min with a 4°% coke composition. Furthermore, the reduced pellets have been characterized through chemical analysis, optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The reduction behaviour of composite pellets has also been found better than that of pre-oxidized pellets indicating the former to be more efficient.
Primary malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract is extremely rare. A 35-year-old man presented with complaints of abdominal pain and weight loss. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed ...a large mass involving the duodenum and the superior mesenteric vessels. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy demonstrated a large, friable mass along the duodenal wall and biopsy was suggestive of malignant melanoma. A detailed physical examination and whole body imaging (positron emission tomography and computed tomography) did not reveal any other lesion. The patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy with segmental resection and anastomosis of the superior mesenteric vein as well as a segmental colectomy. His postoperative recovery was uneventful. The histopathology of the operative specimen showed a malignant amelanotic melanoma arising from the duodenum with lymph nodal involvement. He received oral temozolomide. However, he developed liver metastasis at six months and again at ten months, which was managed with radiofrequency ablation both times. He is doing well at 32 months of follow-up review. Multimodality treatment including surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and salvage therapy appears to be a promising tool for achieving long-term survival in such patients.
Papaya is an important fruit crop of the family Caricaceae which needs the improvement in terms of virus resistance and shelf life with dwarf stature. Mutation breeding technique has been considered ...as an efficient tool adopted by plant breeders to create variability in papaya. The mutation frequency and population structure of the mutants directly depend upon the type of mutagen and the time of exposure. Irrespective of the used mutagens, the ultimate induced mutations are random and therefore determination of mutagenic sensitivity is important pre-requisite. Based on this, investigation on the induction of mutation in papaya cv. Arka Prabhath was carried out with the objective of creating genetic variability through physical mutagen. In this study, papaya seeds were irradiated with five different dose of gamma rays ranging from 50 Gy to 500 Gy. The results revealed that gradual reduction in germination, survival of seedlings and delayed germination with increase in dosage of gamma rays. Based on probit analysis, LD50 (Lethal dose) was fixed at 186.24 Gy. Total seven types of chlorophyll mutants were observed as a result of mutation. Mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness were higher in a lower dose of gamma treatment (50 Gy).
This paper deals with the study of Hall effects on magnetohydrodynamic viscous flow induced by torsional oscillation of a porous disc in a rotating fluid. Constitutive equations of motion and energy ...have been developed using both hydrodynamic and electrodynamic equations. Expressions for velocity, temperature and phases are obtained by solving the equations of momentum and energy. The expression for skin-friction has also been derived alongwith its amplitude and phase. After computerization with the permitted numerical values of the fluid parameters, the velocity, temperature and shear stress profiles are obtained. It is observed that the radial velocity of the fluid increase with distance from the porous disc. However, the increase in Hall parameter is observed to reduces the axial velocity for, 0 < η ≤ 2, but for η > 2, it increases. The phase ϕ of the transverse shear stress decreases with the decrease of Hartmann number for n > p (frequency (
n
) greater than fluid pressure (
p
).
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