Membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway are commonly glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. These adducts have many biological functions, including, notably, their ...contribution to the maturation of glycoproteins. N-linked glycans are of oligomeric structure, forming configurations that provide blueprints to precisely instruct the folding of protein substrates and the quality control systems that scrutinize it. O-linked mannoses are simpler in structure and were recently found to have distinct functions in protein quality control that do not require the complex structure of N-linked glycans. Together, recent studies reveal the breadth and sophistication of the roles of these glycan-directed modifications in protein biogenesis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Supramolecular or molecular gels are attractive for various applications, including diagnostics, tissue scaffolding and targeted drug release. Gelators derived from natural products are of particular ...interest for biomedical purposes, as they are generally biocompatible and stimuli-responsive. The building blocks of nucleic acids (
i.e.
nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides) are desirable candidates for supramolecular gelation as they readily engage in reversible, noncovalent interactions. In this review, we describe a number of organo- and hydrogels formed through the assembly of nucleosides, nucleotides, and their derivatives. While natural nucleosides and nucleotides generally require derivatization to induce gelation, guanosine and its corresponding nucleotides are well known gelators. This unique gelating ability is due to propensity of the guanine nucleobase to self-associate into stable higher-order assemblies, such as G-ribbons, G4-quartets, and G-quadruplexes.
Supramolecular or molecular gels are attractive for various applications, including diagnostics, tissue scaffolding and targeted drug release.
Advances in anion transport by synthetic supramolecular systems are discussed in this article. Developments in the design of discrete molecular carriers for anions and supramolecular anion channels ...are reviewed followed by an overview of the use of these systems in biological systems as putative treatments for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer.
The development of discrete molecular carriers for anions and supramolecular anion channels are reviewed followed by an overview of the use of these systems in biological systems as putative treatments for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer.
New approaches to the transmembrane transport of anions are discussed in this review. Advances in the design of small molecule anion carriers are reviewed in addition to advances in the design of ...synthetic anion channels. The application of anion transporters to the potential future treatment of disease is discussed in the context of recent findings on the selectivity of anion transporters.
New approaches to the transmembrane transport of anions are discussed in this review.
Aim
To determine whether macrovascular disease assessed by carotid ultrasonography and arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity are independently associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 ...diabetes.
Methods
A random subgroup of surviving participants with type 2 diabetes from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II were invited to take part in this sub‐study in 2018–2019. In addition to standardized questionnaires, a physical examination and fasting biochemical tests, each underwent dilated colour fundus photography, carotid arterial ultrasonography with measurement of the intima–media thickness (IMT) and quantification of the degree of stenosis, and pulse wave analysis calculation of the carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). The cross‐sectional association between arterial disease parameters and diabetic retinopathy was assessed using generalized estimating equation models which enabled both eyes to be included in the analysis.
Results
Some 270 participants mean ± sd age 72 ± 9 years, 153 (57%) men and median (IQR) diabetes duration 15 (11–22) years were included in analysis. Of 524 assessable eyes, 82 (16%) had diabetic retinopathy. In multivariable analysis, significant independent associates of diabetic retinopathy were age at diabetes diagnosis (inversely), HbA1c, insulin treatment and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (all P ≤ 0.022), as well as cfPWV odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.23 per 1 m/s increase; P = 0.008 and common carotid artery (CCA) IMT ≥1 mm (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.21, 7.23; P = 0.018).
Conclusions
The association between diabetic retinopathy and CCA IMT suggests that carotid disease may share cardiovascular risk factors with diabetic retinopathy. The association between diabetic retinopathy and cfPWV may reflect the consequences of altered intravascular haemodynamics.
Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and fighting infection. In addition, these cells are involved in the progression of many pathologies ...including cancer and atherosclerosis. In response to a variety of microenvironmental stimuli, macrophages can be polarized to achieve a spectrum of functional phenotypes. This review will discuss some emerging evidence in support of macrophage phenotypic regulation by physical and mechanical cues. As alterations in the physical microenvironment often underlie pathophysiological states, an understanding of their effects on macrophage phenotype and function may help provide mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis.
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a widely used DSM‐correspondent self‐report measure of PTSD symptoms. The PCL was recently revised to reflect DSM‐5 changes to the PTSD criteria. ...In this article, the authors describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the PCL for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5). Psychometric properties of the PCL‐5 were examined in 2 studies involving trauma‐exposed college students. In Study 1 (N = 278), PCL‐5 scores exhibited strong internal consistency (α = .94), test‐retest reliability (r = .82), and convergent (rs = .74 to .85) and discriminant (rs = .31 to .60) validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate fit with the DSM‐5 4‐factor model, χ2(164) = 455.83, p < .001, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .07, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08, comparative fit index (CFI) = .86, and Tucker‐Lewis index (TLI) = .84, and superior fit with recently proposed 6‐factor, χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .92, and TLI = .90, and 7‐factor, χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .93, and TLI = .91, models. In Study 2 (N = 558), PCL‐5 scores demonstrated similarly strong reliability and validity. Overall, results indicate that the PCL‐5 is a psychometrically sound measure of PTSD symptoms. Implications for use of the PCL‐5 in a variety of assessment contexts are discussed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociacion Chilena de Estres Traumatico
Lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumatico para el
DSM‐5
La lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Post‐Traumático (LVP o PCL por sus siglas en ingles: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist) es una medida DSM‐correspondiente de auto‐reporte de síntomas de TEPT ampliamente usada. La LVP fue recientemente revisada para reflejar los cambios DSM‐5 a los criterios de TEPT. Este artículo describe el desarrollo y evaluación psicométrica inicial de LVP para DSM‐5 (LVP‐5). Fueron examinadas propiedades psicométricas de LVP‐5 en dos estudios que involucraron estudiantes universitarios expuestos a trauma. En el estudio 1 (N = 278) las puntuaciones LVP‐ 5 exhibían fuerte consistencia interna (a = .94), y confiabilidad test‐re‐test (r = .82), y convergente (rs = .74 a .85) y validez discriminativa (rs = .31 a .60). Adicionalmente, análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron un ajuste adecuado con el modelo cuatro‐factores DSM‐5, Χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001; raíz cuadrada media estandarizada residual (RMER) = .07; error cuadrado medio de aproximación (ECMA) = .08; Índice de Ajuste Comparativo (IAC) = .86; y el Índice Tucker‐Lewis (ITL) = .84, y ajuste superior con el recientemente propuesto seis‐ (Χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = .06; IAC = .92; y ITL = .90 y siete‐ (Χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = 0.6; IAC = .93; y ITL = .91) modelos factoriales. En el Estudio 2 (N = 558) las puntuaciones LVP‐5 demostraron similarmente fuerte confiabilidad y validez. En general, los resultados indican que el LVP‐5 es una medida psicométrica sólida de TEPT. Son discutidas las implicaciones para el uso de LVP‐5 en una variedad de contextos de evaluación.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題 : DSM‐5的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL‐5)發展和初步心理測量評估
撮要: 與《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》對應的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL)是普遍為人使用的PTSD症狀自評測量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5對PTSD診斷準則的修改而更新。本論文描述PCL(PCL‐5)為配合DSM‐5作出的發展和PCL‐5的初步心理測量評估༌利用兩項有關受創大學生的研究檢視PCL‐5的心理測量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分數反映強的內部一致性(α = .94)、重測信度(r = .82)、匯聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判別效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。驗證性因數分析亦顯示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足夠適配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
標準化殘差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌漸進誤差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比較適配指數 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指數(TLI) = .84༛並與最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有優越適配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分數反映相近強度的信度和效度。整體結果反映PCL‐5是測量PTSD的好方法。論文亦討論到在各種評估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
标题 : DSM‐5的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL‐5)发展和初步心理测量评估
撮要: 与《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》对应的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL)是普遍为人使用的PTSD症状自评测量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5对PTSD诊断准则的修改而更新。本论文描述PCL(PCL‐5)为配合DSM‐5作出的发展和PCL‐5的初步心理测量评估༌利用两项有关受创大学生的研究检视PCL‐5的心理测量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分数反映强的内部一致性(α = .94)、重测信度(r = .82)、汇聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判别效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。验证性因子分析亦显示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足够适配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
标准化残差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌渐进误差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比较适配指数 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指数(TLI) = .84༛并与最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有优越适配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分数反映相近强度的信度和效度。整体结果反映PCL‐5是测量PTSD的好方法。论文亦讨论到在各种评估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
Molecular self‐assembly is central to many processes in both biology and supramolecular chemistry. The G‐quartet, a hydrogen‐bonded macrocycle formed by cation‐templated assembly of guanosine, was ...first identified in 1962 as the basis for the aggregation of 5′‐guanosine monophosphate. We now know that many nucleosides, oligonucleotides, and synthetic derivatives form a rich array of functional G‐quartets. The G‐quartet surfaces in areas ranging from structural biology and medicinal chemistry to supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. This Review integrates and summarizes knowledge gained from these different areas, with emphasis on G‐quartet structure, function, and molecular recognition.
Mononucleotides in water, lipophilic nucleosides in organic solvents, or G‐rich DNA in the chromosome: Cation‐templated self‐assembly of guanosine gives supramolecular structures based on the G‐quartet (see picture). These structures have a wide range of potential functions in areas as diverse as cancer biology, separations chemistry, and biomaterials.
It is generally recognized that there are gender-related differences in children’s toy preferences. However, the magnitude of these differences has not been firmly established. Furthermore, not all ...studies of gender-related toy preferences find significant gender differences. These inconsistent findings could result from using different toys or methods to measure toy preferences or from studying children of different ages. Our systematic review and meta-analysis combined 113 effect sizes from 75 studies to estimate the magnitude of gender-related differences in toy preferences. We also assessed the impact of using different toys or methods to assess these differences, as well as the effect of age on gender-related toy preferences. Boys preferred boy-related toys more than girls did, and girls preferred girl-related toys more than boys did. These differences were large (
d
≥ 1.60). Girls also preferred toys that researchers classified as neutral more than boys did (
d
= 0.29). Preferences for gender-typical over gender-atypical toys were also large and significant (
d
≥ 1.20), and girls and boys showed gender-related differences of similar magnitude. When only dolls and vehicles were considered, within-sex differences were even larger and of comparable size for boys and girls. Researchers sometimes misclassified toys, perhaps contributing to an apparent gender difference in preference for neutral toys. Forced choice methods produced larger gender-related differences than other methods, and gender-related differences increased with age.
Gutmann–Beckett-type measurements with phosphine oxide probes can be used to estimate effective Lewis acidity with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but the influence of the molecular ...structure of a given probe on the quantification of Lewis acidity remains poorly documented in experimental work. Here, a quantitative comparison of triethyl (E), trioctyl (O), and triphenyl (P) phosphine oxides as molecular probes of Lewis acidity has been carried out via titration studies in MeCN with a test set of six mono- and divalent metal triflate salts. In comparison to E, the bulkier O displays a similar range of chemical shift values and binding affinities for the various test metal ions. Spectral linewidths and speciation properties vary for individual cation-to-probe ratios, however, confirming probe-specific properties that can impact the data quality. Importantly, P displays a consistently narrower dynamic range than both E and O, illustrating how electronic changes at phosphorus can influence the NMR response. Comparative parametrizations of the effective Lewis acidities of a broader range of metal ions, including the trivalent rare earth ions Y3+, Lu3+, and Sc3+ as well as the uranyl ion (UO2 2+), can be understood in light of these results, providing insight into the fundamental chemical processes underlying the useful approach of single-point measurements for quantification of effective Lewis acidity. Together with a study of counteranion effects reported here, these data clarify the diverse ensemble of factors that can influence the measurement of Lewis acid/base interactions.
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