Volleyball is a popular sport in Brazil, and the relative age effect (RAE) is known to occur within it; but less is known of how RAE relates to elite Brazilian volleyball players’ age, sex, and ...competitive levels. We aimed to investigate RAE prevalence with data from two seasons of play among players in the Superliga A (2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons), and Superliga B (2021 and 2022 seasons) made available from the Brazilian Volleyball Confederation (CBV), the club’s official website, or direct consultation with the CBV. After removing duplicate data, we grouped these 1,063 athletes by their dates of birth, sex, and competition level (Superliga A or B). We divided players’ birth dates into quarters (Q1: January-March, Q2: April-June, Q3: July-September and Q4: October-December) and into semesters, and we performed chi-square (χ2) tests to investigate RAE prevalence according to the players’ sex and competitive level. RAE was prevalent overall (χ2 = 33.198; p < .001), among males (χ2 = 24.48; p < .001) and females (χ2 = 11.23; p < .011). Regarding competition level, RAE was evident among males in both Superliga A (χ2 = 14.581; p = 0.002), and B (χ2 = 13.985; p = 0.003), and among females in Superliga B (χ2 = 9.204; p = 0.027), but not Superliga A (χ2 = 4.012; p = 0.26). Thus, the RAE phenomenon operated differently for male and female Brazilian volleyball players according to their competitive level. We discuss the implications of these findings.
This study aims at analyzing the effectiveness of using an additional field player, when goalkeeper is replaced, during the positional attack in the case of numerical equality, superiority or
...inferiority and when counterattacks are suffered. The sample consisted of 841 attack actions
collected from eight games of men’s teams in the knockout phase of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The number of goals scored and the counterattacks suffered in symmetrical and
asymmetrical situations were checked for both situations: using the additional player or not.
Was performed the chi-square test (Φ) and the effect power was calculated using Phi (x2). The
analysis of the attack showed that there was no association between goal-making and the use
of the additional field player in different asymmetric situations. There was no association between the reach of the goal in case of opponent’s counterattack substitution of the goalkeeper
with the additional field player or not as well as no association between punishment and goal
achievement in different offensive situations. The use of an additional field player did not benefit the team in attack actions and brought no disadvantages in the scoreboard. These results
show that, in this championship, such strategy did not produce significant changes in decisive
games of men’s handball.
Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la efectividad del uso de un jugador adicional, cuando
se reemplaza al portero, durante el ataque de posición en el caso de igualdad, superioridad o
inferioridad numérica y cuando se sufren contraataques. La muestra consistió en 841 acciones de ataque recolectadas de ocho juegos de equipos masculinos en la fase eliminatoria de
los Juegos Olímpicos Rio 2016. El número de goles marcados y los contraataques sufridos en
situaciones simétricas y asimétricas se verificaron en ambas situaciones: con el jugador adicional o no. Se realizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado (x2) y la potencia del efecto se calculó utilizando
Phi (Φ). El análisis del ataque mostró que no había asociación entre el establecimiento de
objetivos y el uso del jugador de adicional en situaciones asimétricas. En el contraataque no
hubo asociación entre sufrir o gol y sustituir al portero por el jugador adicional o no, así como
no hubo asociación entre las puniciones y la realización del gol en diferentes situaciones ofensivas. El uso de un jugador adicional no benefició al equipo en las acciones de ataque y no trajo
desventajas en el marcador. Estos demuestran que, en este campeonato, dicha estrategia no
produjo cambios significativos en los juegos decisivos del balonmano masculino.
Studies on small-sided games (SSG) in team sports have increased in recent decades. However, the literature concerning this training strategy in volleyball is sparse. This study aims to summarize and ...analyse the scientific evidence on SSG in volleyball. For this purpose, electronic searches were conducted in August 2021 in PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. As result, a total of 22 studies (3 cross-sectional, 7 quasi-experimental, and 12 randomized controlled trial) that used SSG in volleyball were included in the qualitative synthesis after applying the eligibility criteria. Despite the few studies available for each outcome, our results suggest that the SSG can be used as a methodological resource for volleyball teaching and training of educational, recreational, and high-performance character. In conclusion, the use of SSG in volleyball is a pedagogical and training alternative with positive effects on populations with different levels of training (school and university students, recreational adult players, and athletes) considering instructional approaches, sport knowledge, participation in Physical Education classes, health markers, physical fitness, and physiological, psychological, and tactical-technical variables. However, more studies need to be carried out using SSG in volleyball in different contexts, with different manipulations and variables.
The literature shows that the prevalence of dietary supplements is high and guidance by a nutritionist or specialized professional is low in professional triathletes. It is reasonable to assume that ...in recreational triathletes, the prevalence of dietary supplements will also be high and that a significant portion of the sampled population will use supplements without any guidance from a qualified professional. The present study investigated dietary supplement use among Brazilian male recreational triathletes.
A total of 724 Brazilian male recreational triathletes (age: 38.00 10.00 years and body mass index: 24.16 3.02 kg/m
) took part in this study. All participants answered an online questionnaire containing questions about their demographic characteristics and the nutritional aspects of their diet.
The results showed that ~ 90% (n = 653) of the interviewed participants reported using at least one dietary supplement. Surprisingly, ~ 25% did not receive supplement advice from a professional nutritionist.
The prevalence of dietary supplements in male recreational triathletes was high, and a substantial part of the sample did not receive professional recommendations. This situation is worrisome because dietary supplements should be prescribed by a professional nutritionist.
Our results suggest the need for an appropriate attitude and guidance by health professionals who deal with this population, especially nutritionists, to promote safe practices.
The objective of this study
was to identify how the ecological variables influence the setter during the
setting and what were the predictive factors of the attack effect among Brazilian
teams ranked ...from the 1st to 4th place in the volleyball
Women’s Super-League in 2016-2017. We analyzed 768 attacks from 10 matches played
among the teams. A descriptive analysis was performed and, to identify how the
setting location differed in relation to the ecological variables, the One-Way
ANOVA (factor 1 = setting location) was used. In addition, multinomial logistic
regression was performed to understand the predictive factors of the effect of
the attack. The significance level was set at 5% (p≤.05) and the SPSS software
version 20.0 was used. The results showed the setting location differed
according to the distance between the setter and the central attacker, the
distance between the setter and the central blocker, and the distance between
the setter and the blocker of position 4. Besides, it was observed that the powerful
attack and the blocking touch were predictive factors of the effect of the
attack. Thus, it is concluded that the decision-making for the action of the
setting is based on the availability of the central attacker and the
configuration of the blockers, the powerful attack reduces the chances of
defense and the blocking touch reduces the chances of scoring by attacking.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To compare the academic performance of undergraduate students in physical education who studied exercise physiology before and after studying human physiology and investigate students' perceptions of ...human physiology and exercise physiology courses.
This study included 311 undergraduate students pursuing a bachelor's degree in physical education. Participants were divided into two groups: those who had previously attended and completed the human physiology course (group 1, n = 212, 68.2%) and those who had not previously attended or had attended but failed the human physiology course (group 2, n = 99, 31.8%). The prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using a Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimator. The second aim comprised 67 students with bachelor's degrees in physical education who completed an electronic questionnaire about their perceptions of human physiology and exercise physiology curriculum.
Compared with those who attended human physiology and passed, those who had not previously attended or had attended but failed the human physiology course have a higher PR of 2.37 (95% CI, 1.68-3.34) for failing exercise physiology. Regarding the students' perceptions of human physiology and exercise physiology courses, most students reported that they were challenging (58.2% and 64.2%, respectively), but they also recognized the importance of these courses for professional practice (59.7% and 85.1%, respectively).
Human physiology should be considered a prerequisite for an undergraduate course leading to a bachelor's degree in physical education. Furthermore, students considered human physiology and exercise physiology courses important yet challenging. Therefore, continuous student assessment is vital for improving the teaching-learning process.
Purpose
Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that can cause total paralysis. Furthermore, poliomyelitis survivors may develop new signs and symptoms, including muscular weakness and fatigue, years ...after the acute phase of the disease, i.e., post-polio syndrome (PPS). Thus, the objective was to compare the functional exercise capacity during maximal and submaximal exercises among individuals with polio sequelae (without PPS diagnosis), PPS, and a control group.
Methods
Thirty individuals participated in three groups: a control group (CG,
n
= 10); a group of individuals with polio sequelae but without PPS diagnosis (PG,
n
= 10); and a PPS group (PPSG,
n
= 10). All participants underwent (i) a cardiopulmonary exercise test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (
V
˙
O
2
max
) and (ii) a series of functional field tests (i.e., walking test, sit-to-stand test, and stair climbing test).
Results
V
˙
O
2
max was 30% lower in PPSG than in CG and PG. Regarding functional field tests, walking and stair climbing test performances were significantly different among all groups. The PPSG sit-to-stand performance was lower than CG.
Conclusion
The sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis impair functional exercise capacity obtained from maximal and submaximal tests, especially in patients with PPS. Furthermore, submaximal variables appear to be more negatively impacted than maximal variables.
The objective of the present study was to analyze and compare the setter's decision-making (DM) in the offensive construction of the side-out (attack from the reception) in high-level men's ...volleyball. The sample consisted of the analysis of 132 games of the Brazilian men's volleyball Super-League 2021/2022, with 22 games for each team. The results showed that the eigenvector values were higher for setting to position 3, central attacker next to the setter, simple block, and obtaining the attack point. In addition, the setter's DM was similar between teams, suggesting that the game strategies aim to provide subsidies for the setter to make the decisions according to the game context in a flexible way and generate benefits for the attackers about the number of blockers, being that under ideal conditions and due to the lifter's correct choices in distribution, central blockers avoid anticipating the setting, and this fact allows the conditions of a single block or double-broken blocks in most cases. As a practical application, setting for the central attacker in position 3 becomes an interesting option for point acquisition and is capable of influencing the number of blockers, as well as the optimal blocking condition. Another application would be for the central attacker to position themselves close to the setter, a strategy that would enable the use of the "pipe" attack in other areas of the court with lower defensive blocking power.
Keywords: Expert Decision-Making; Performance Analysis; Team Sports; Action Choices; Constraints.
Athletes born closer to an arbitrary cut-off date are more likely to reach an elite level in sport, which is supported by a phenomenon called the relative age effect (RAE). It is important to ...determine whether this phenomenon is present in a sport to minimize this selection bias. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RAE in elite volleyball athletes, considering the influence of gender, the playing position (Setter, Middle, Libero, Opposite, and Outside Hitter) and the performance level (attack points, aces, and block points). The sample comprised 203 male and 193 female athletes competing in the Superliga A in the 2020/2021 season, which was equivalent to all of the teams of the championship. The data collection was performed during May and June, 2021. Athletes were organized according to gender, the playing position, and performance in the Superliga. For performance variables, athletes were separated based on the median value (90.0), and classified as high- or low-performance. Chi-squared tests were performed to verify differences between birth date distributions in relation to the aforementioned variables. Results indicated overrepresentation of relatively older male athletes (Q1 = 35.96%; Q2 = 27.59%; Q3 = 19.21%; Q4 = 17.24%), especially in Middles, Opposites, and Outside Hitters, regardless of their performance level. Considering females, no differences were found. Our findings suggest that RAE operates differently for men and women in elite Brazilian volleyball. The characteristics of the games played by male and female elite athletes may lead to different talent selection processes, affecting the likelihood of RAE prevalence.
The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of placebo on bench throw performance in Paralympic weightlifting athletes.
The study involved four Paralympic weightlifting male athletes ...(age: 40.25 ± 9.91 years, weight: 60.5 ± 8.29 kg, height: 1.60 ± 0.15 m) that visited the laboratory in three occasions, separated by 72 h. In the first session, the athletes were tested for bench press one repetition maximum (1RM). The other two sessions were performed in a randomized counter-balanced order and involved bench throw tests performed either after taking placebo while being informed that the capsule contained caffeine or without taking any substance (control). The bench throw tests were performed with loads corresponding to 50, 60, 70 and 80% of the bench press 1RM.
According to the results, mean velocity (∆: 0.08 m/s, ES 0.36, p < 0.05) and mean propulsive velocity (∆: 0.11 m/s, ES 0.49, p < 0.05) at 50% of 1RM were significantly higher during placebo than control (p < 0.05). However, there were no difference between control and placebo for 60, 70 and 80% of 1RM (p > 0.05).
Our results suggest that placebo intake, when the athletes were informed they were taking caffeine, might be an efficient strategy to improve the performance of explosive movements in Paralympic weightlifting athletes when using low-loads. This brings the possibility of using placebo in order to increase performance, which might reduce the risks associated with ergogenic aids, such as side-effects and positive doping testing.
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