Abstract
Indonesia offers a dramatic opportunity to contribute to tackling climate change by deploying natural climate solutions (NCS), increasing carbon sequestration and storage through the ...protection, improved management, and restoration of drylands, peatlands, and mangrove ecosystems. Here, we estimate Indonesia’s NCS mitigation opportunity for the first time using national datasets. We calculated the maximum NCS mitigation potential extent using datasets of annual national land cover, peat soil, and critical lands. We collated a national emissions factor database for each pathway, calculated from a meta-analysis, recent publications from our team, and available literature. The maximum NCS mitigation potential in 2030 is 1.3 ± 0.04 GtCO
2
e yr
−1
, based on the historical baseline period from 2009–2019. This maximum NCS potential is double Indonesia’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) target from the forestry and other land use sector. Of this potential opportunity, 77% comes from wetland ecosystems. Peatlands have the largest NCS mitigation potential (960 ± 15.4 MtCO
2
e yr
−1
or 71.5 MgCO
2
e ha
−1
yr
−1
) among all other ecosystems. Mangroves provide a smaller total potential (41.1 ± 1.4 MtCO
2
e yr
−1
) but have a much higher mitigation density (12.2 MgCO
2
e ha
−1
yr
−1
) compared to dryland ecosystems (2.9 MgCO
2
e ha
−1
yr
−1
). Therefore, protecting, managing, and restoring Indonesia’s wetlands is key to achieving the country’s emissions reduction target by 2030. The results of this study can be used to inform conservation programs and national climate policy to prioritize wetlands and other land sector initiatives to fulfill Indonesia’s NDC by 2030, while simultaneously providing additional co-benefits and contributing to COVID-19 recovery and economic sustainability.
Tropical peat swamp forest provides many ecosystem services to communities of local people in Indonesia, as well as to national and international communities. However, many Indonesian peatlands are ...degraded and thus susceptible to burning in the dry season and flooding in the wet season. Peat fires are a local, regional, national and international disaster, but the people most affected are those who live and work on peat at ground level whose livelihoods, health and children’s education are highly vulnerable to such disasters. This article aims to assess the vulnerability of people and communities living on peatlands, and to understand the factors causing community vulnerability. We focused our study on the peat-dominated Tumbang Nusa Village in Central Kalimantan. The primary data for this study were collected by field observation and interviews with 52 villagers who were selected through stratified random sampling. We aimed to understand livelihoods, locations of the villagers’ activities, agricultural technology applied in peatlands, community efforts to mitigate climate disasters, and participation in development programmes. Vulnerability was calculated as a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, using IPCC methodology. The results show that the Tumbang Nusa community has a high degree of vulnerability, primarily owing to fire and flood. Additionally, the community relies on ecosystem services from a damaged environment and employs land management practices that are often unsustainable. Understanding the causes of vulnerability will help improve rural communities’ development programmes and the design of empowerment programmes to reduce vulnerability.
Indonesia has abundant forest resources, reaching 120 million hectares of forest area. However, the forestry sector's contribution to the national economy continues to decline. The low performance of ...the forestry sector cannot be separated from the limited availability of round-wood materials for its processing industries and insufficient development of the multi-businesses activities among the forestry companies. Therefore, increasing the forestry sector's productivity is necessary through raising investment. This study investigates the impacts of investment in the forestry sector on Indonesian economic performance, including output, income, employment, and import, using the Input-Output (I-O) Model. The results show that investment in the forestry sector will increase output, income, and labour in the forestry sector and its related sectors. However, with the increase in its output, the demand for inputs, including round-wood materials, will also increase, encouraging a rise in imports. Thus, an increase in investment in the forestry sector needs to be balanced with the availability of roundwood materials and other associated inputs in Indonesia. For the follow-up research, it is important to separate the investment into upstream and downstream activities along the forestry value chain and include a regional aspect in the analysis.
The agricultural sector is annually included in the top three after the manufacturing sector and wholesale and retail trade sectors as Indonesia’s largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP). ...The average contribution of the agricultural sector to the country’s income is around 11–13% of total GDP. The GRDP of the agricultural sector (AgriGRDP) is an indicator of the economic growth of Indonesia’s agricultural sector. This study aims to examine the contribution of plantation crop production (PPC), food crop production (PFC), horticultural crop production (PHC), and farmer terms of trade (FTT) to the AgriGRDP. This study uses secondary data sourced from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. This research method uses panel data regression analysis with time series data for 2018–2021 and cross-sectional data from 33 provinces in Indonesia, resulting in 132 observations. The results of this study found that the best econometric model to answer the research objectives is the random effect model (REM). The findings of this study indicate that simultaneously and partially, the variables PPC, PFC, PHC, and FTT have a significant positive effect on AgriGRDP. An increase in PPC, PFC, PHC, and FTT will increase Indonesia’s AgriGRDP.
Agroforestry systems, particularly the coffee agroforestry system (CAS), represent a promising approach to achieving sustainable development and promoting a green economy in Indonesia. Our research ...aims to explore the potential of CAS to provide ecosystem services and socio-economic benefits and address environmental risks in Indonesia. To critically analyze the current state of CAS in Indonesia, its potential for sustainable development, and the challenges that should be addressed to increase its uptake, we conducted a systematic review of published academic literature. Our findings suggest that CAS has the potential to turn a profit in the future thanks to rising global and domestic market demand as well as environmental benefits like reducing carbon emissions and improving resource efficiency. However, several challenges should be addressed to improve coffee quality and sustain green economy activities, including product certification, collaboration with NGOs and business entities, and coordination of government policies at the site level. Overall, this study highlights the importance of CAS as a green economy approach in Indonesia and suggests policy recommendations to support its promotion and adoption. By addressing the challenges and promoting the potential of CAS, sustainable development and green economic growth can be achieved in Indonesia.
Salah satu upaya pemerintah mengatasi kerusakan hutan dan lahan kritis adalah melaksanakan program Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (Gerhan). Secara keseluruhan dampak Gerhan diharapkan ...dapat menimbulkan perubahan perilaku sosial masyarakat menuju terbangunnya kesadaran nasional untuk menanam pohon. Namun kecenderungan demikian tidak dapat diramalkan selama dampak sosial, dampak lingkungan dan dampak ekonominya tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Idealnya ketiga dampak tersebut perlu dikaji secara simultan. Namun penelitian ini lebih memfokuskan pada dampak ekonomi khususnya dampak pengganda industri pembibitan Gerhan, yang bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak pengganda terkait dengan output, pendapatan dan tenaga kerja. Penelitian dilaksanakan di tiga desa contoh yang terlibat dalam program Gerhan: Desa Sirnajaya, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat; Desa Margomulyo, Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah; dan Desa Golo, Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur. Dengan menggunakan model I-O, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dampak pengganda industri pembibitan Gerhan dalam perekonomian masing-masing desa contoh adalah kecil. Hal ini menyarankan bahwa kebijakan Gerhan perlu diperbaiki terutama terkait dengan pentingnya menggunakan sumberdaya lokal seperti pupuk kandang dan pembangunan benih sendiri di masing-masing desa yang akan melaksanakan Gerhan.
Pengetahuan tentang kesiapan para pihak yang ingin berpartisipasi dalam implementasi mekanisme REDD penting untuk mengetahui kebijakan atau perangkat teknis apa yang diperlukan selama mekanisme REDD ...ini masih belum menjadi kesepakatan yang mengikat. Sampai sejauh ini informasi tentang kesiapan para pihak dalam implementasi REDD, terutama untuk tingkat lokal (propinsi dan kabupaten) sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu tulisan ini bertujuan untuk : (i) mengidentifikasi para pihak yang terlibat; dan (ii) mengkaji tingkat kesiapan kelembagaan dan teknis untuk implementasi REDD berdasarkan persepsi para pihak. Penelitian dilakukan di Propinsi Riau pada tahun 2008, karena propinsi ini merupakan salah satu propinsi yang secara historis mempunyai laju deforestasi di dalam kawasan hutan yang tinggi sebesar 157.688,6 ha/tahun pada periode tahun 2003-2006. Metode pengambilan contoh yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan narasumber yang mencakup, perusahaan, akademisi, pengambil kebijakan dan masyarakat. Sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan snowball, dimana sampel berikutnya dinominasikan oleh sampel sebelumnya sampai didapatkan informasi yang relative sama. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis para pihak dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan (1) Pihakpihak yang harus terlibat dalam kegiatan REDD adalah Kementerian Kehutanan dengan porsi tugas terbesar mulai dari persiapan, implementasi, monitoring dan verifikasi, kemudian secara berurutan Dinas Kehutanan propinsi dan kabupaten, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, HPH/HTI, lembaga internasional, LSM, Departemen Luar Negeri, Bapedalda, LIPI, Departemen Keuangan, UPT/UPTD serta masyarakat; (2) Dalam implementasi REDD, aspek yang perlu disiapkan adalah aspek teknologi dan aspek sosial ekonomi; dan (3) Untuk aspek institusi yang perlu disiapkan adalah ketersediaan peraturan perundangan tentang pembalakan liar, kesadaran untuk mencegah pembalakan liar, dan kegiatan monitoring dan evaluasi dalam pencegahan pembalakan liar; (4) Dalam aspek infrastruktur teknis, monitoring dan evaluasi implementasi peraturan perundangan perlu ditingkatkan begitu juga dengan kelengkapan dan keakuratan citra satelit serta database data dasar.
The development of the Aek Nauli’s Forest Area with Special Purposes (KHDTK), as one of the national priority tourist sites in the Lake Toba catchment area, needs to be carried out in support of North Sumatra ecotourism. This study examines the roles and functions of the parties involved in ecotourism management’s development. Primary data were obtained from the results of discussions, FGD, and filling out questionnaires by respondents determined purposively from both government and community groups. The analysis was carried out using the stakeholder analysis method to determine the parties’ roles and functions. The study results indicate that the most interested and influential parties are KLHK, BP2LHK Aek Nauli, BBKSDA North Sumatra, and BOPDT. The Parties which have a low level of interest but have high influence are Bappenas, Kemenkomaritim, Kemenpar, Ministry of PUPR, Bappeda North Sumatra, and Bappeda Simalungun Regency. The Parties with a high level of interest but low influence are the surrounding community, such as Pokdarwis (Kelompok Sadar Wisata), and cooperation (koperasi). The party that has a low level of interest and influence is PHRI. Coordination and communication are needed amongst the parties to carry out the national program in developing tourism priorities at KHDTK Aek Nauli correctly.
Given the huge impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food and agriculture sectors, rapid measures are needed to reduce the risk of food crises, especially among the poor and the most vulnerable ...communities. The government of Indonesia planned to establish the Food Estate National Program to ensure food security. Most of the area will be on peatlands, and as such, the program still faces pros and cons as it might open up opportunities for deforestation, threats to biodiversity, and loss of community livelihoods. We conducted the present research in Central Kalimantan to formulate a food estate (FE) development strategy by taking into account the potential benefits and risks to ensure increases in the local community’s welfare and the sustainability of biodiversity. Data were collected through field surveys, interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and literature studies. The results show that the operation of a food estate on degraded peatlands has a moderate to high level of risk of negative impacts. Community activities and changes in farming methods through using more inputs and mechanical equipment are the most risky activities in FE development. The low substitutability of peatlands requires mitigation efforts as part of risk management. The operation of food systems on peatlands must be based on a strong sustainability perspective with a main principle of complementary resources. The main strategy is to protect natural resources and replace cultivated exotic plants with potential native peat plants with minimal risk. In addition, the policy and capacity building of farmers towards a business-oriented direction will maximize socioeconomic benefits. Utilization of biodiversity and low-impact cultivation techniques can ensure sustainability.
The development of the Aek Nauli’s Forest Area with Special Purposes (KHDTK), as one of the national prioritytourist sites in the Lake Toba catchment area, needs to be carried out in support of North ...Sumatra ecotourism. Thisstudy examines the roles and functions of the parties involved in ecotourism management’s development. Primarydata were obtained from the results of discussions, FGD, and filling out questionnaires by respondents determinedpurposively from both government and community groups. The analysis was carried out using the stakeholderanalysis method to determine the parties’ roles and functions. The study results indicate that the most interested andinfluential parties are KLHK, BP2LHK Aek Nauli, BBKSDA North Sumatra, and BOPDT. The Parties which have low level of interest but have high influence are Bappenas, Kemenkomaritim, Kemenpar, Ministry of PUPR, BappedaNorth Sumatra, and Bappeda Simalungun Regency. The Parties with a high level of interest but low influence arthe surrounding community, such as Pokdarwis (Kelompok Sadar Wisata), and cooperation (koperasi). The partythat has a low level of interest and influence is PHRI. Coordination and communication are needed amongst theparties to carry out the national program in developing tourism priorities at KHDTK Aek Nauli correctly.Keywords: KHDTK Aek Nauli, The National Priority Tourist Site, Ecotourism, Danau Toba Area.
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