This study investigates the steady, incompressible MHD flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a vertical solid cone embedded in a porous medium under suction effect. The research explores the effects of ...various factors, such as thermal radiation, chemical reactions, heat generation, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating on heat and mass transfer phenomena. To investigate the effects of hybrid nanoparticles, we consider single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and alumina (Al
2
O
3
) along with water (H
2
O) as the base fluid. After a suitable similarity transformation, the governing equations are reconstructed and solved using the Keller-box numerical scheme. We present graphical and tabular analyses of various parameter impacts on heat transfer profiles and coefficients. This study provides valuable insights into the control of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in porous media, which have significant implications for industrial and engineering applications. The findings of the current article are in excellent agreement with previously published works.
Most of the energy in magnetospheric plasma is available in the form of low-frequency turbulence. In this paper, we have explored the possibility of pumping such low-frequency turbulence wave energy ...into high-frequency X-mode in the magnetosphere. We have considered the wave energy up-conversion process through the nonlinear wave-particle interaction of the ion-acoustic wave and the X-mode wave. In this model of wave energy up-conversion, we have considered a particle distribution of modified Maxwellian with the involvement of a gradient parameter associated with the spatial gradient and temperature gradient of magnetospheric plasma. When considering the Vlasov–Maxwell system of equations to describe the wave interaction process, we have evaluated the fluctuating parts of the particle distribution function due to the ion-acoustic wave field for the modulated field and the nonlinear fluctuating parts of the distribution function due to X-mode. The nonlinear dispersion relation for X-mode enables us to estimate the growth of X-mode at the expense of the ion-acoustic wave energy of the magnetospheric plasma. We have also demonstrated that how this growth process is influenced by gradient parameters associated with this system.
The essential oil (EO) isolated by hydro-distillation from the peel of fully matured ripen fruits of
Citrus reticulata Blanco were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Thirty seven different components were ...identified constituting approximately ≥99% of the oil. The major components were limonene (46.7%), geranial (19.0%), neral (14.5%), geranyl acetate (3.9%), geraniol (3.5%), β-caryophyllene (2.6%), nerol (2.3%), neryl acetate (1.1%) etc. The antifungal activity of the oil was tested by poisoned food (PF) technique and the volatile activity (VA) assay against five plant pathogenic fungi viz
Alternaria alternata (
Aa),
Rhizoctonia solani (
Rs),
Curvularia lunata (
Cl),
Fusarium oxysporum (
Fo) and
Helminthosporium oryzae (
Ho). The oil showed better activity in VA assay. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for
Aa,
Rs and
Cl was 0.2
ml/100
ml whereas >0.2
ml/100
ml for
Fo and
Ho in PF technique. Fungal sporulation was also completely inhibited at 2
ml/100
ml of the oil except for
Cl and
Ho, which was only 0.5% (±0.5) and 0.25% (±0.25) respectively as compared to control.
We revisit the effect of nonlinear Landau (NL) damping on the electrostatic instability of blazar-induced pair beams, using a realistic pair-beam distribution. We employ a simplified 2D model in ...-space to study the evolution of the electric-field spectrum and to calculate the relaxation time of the beam. We demonstrate that the 2D model is an adequate representation of the 3D physics. We find that nonlinear Landau damping, once it operates efficiently, transports essentially the entire wave energy to small wave numbers where wave driving is weak or absent. The relaxation time also strongly depends on the intergalactic medium temperature, TIGM, and for TIGM < 10 eV, and in the absence of any other damping mechanism, the relaxation time of the pair beam is longer than the inverse Compton (IC) scattering time. The weak late-time beam energy losses arise from the accumulation of wave energy at small k, that nonlinearly drains the wave energy at the resonant of the pair-beam instability. Any other dissipation process operating at small k would reduce that wave-energy drain and hence lead to stronger pair-beam energy losses. As an example, collisions reduce the relaxation time by an order of magnitude, although their rate is very small. Other nonlinear processes, such as the modulation instability, could provide additional damping of the nonresonant waves and dramatically reduce the relaxation time of the pair beam. An accurate description of the spectral evolution of the electrostatic waves is crucial for calculating the relaxation time of the pair beam.
This paper presents a numerical investigation of steady two-dimensional bioconvective MHD flow along with the heat and mass transfer phenomena of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing motile ...microorganisms over a porous stretching sheet. The study considers effects of various physical parameters, such as thermal radiation, chemical reactions, Joule heating, and heat generation, on the flow and transport characteristics of the system. Copper (Cu) and alumina (Al
2
O
3
) nanoparticles are used with water (H
2
O) as the base fluid. The governing equations are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using a standard similarity transformation. The reduced equations are solved numerically using the Keller-box method. The impact of different parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism concentration profile is illustrated graphically, while their influence on the skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number, and local density number of motile microorganisms is tabulated. This study provides an excellent agreement with previously published works. The results of the study show that the presence of motile microorganisms significantly enhances the heat transfer rate and mixing efficiency of the nanofluid. The analysis demonstrates that the chemical reaction and thermal radiation play crucial roles in controlling the concentration and temperature distributions of the nanofluid, respectively.
In this paper, we have presented a study on the propagation of nonlinear Dust-Acoustic Solitary Waves (DASWs) in inhomogeneous magnetized dusty plasma. In this model, we have considered a system of ...collisional, magnetized dusty plasma, consisting of nonextensive electrons, Boltzmannean ions, and negatively charged dust grains in the plasma. We have also considered variable number density for the different dusty plasma components. Using the Reductive Perturbation Theory (RPT), the modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov (m-ZK) equation is derived with the help of governing equations in the plasma. The solutions of m-ZK equation indicate the propagation of nonlinear DASWs. This study also shows how the inhomogeneity parameters and nonextensive electrons impact on the phase velocity, width and amplitude of the soliton propagating in inhomogeneous plasmas. In this investigation, we have also predicted some relations among the amplitude, width, and phase velocity of the DASWs which is relevant to Earth’s magnetospheric plasma environment for the system.
A theoretical investigation of the dust ion-acoustic solitary, shock, and periodic waves has been made in a magnetised, dissipative, dusty plasma system. The system consists of cold ions, stationary ...dust grains, and non-inertial superthermal electrons and positrons. The Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers' (K-dVB) equation has been obtained by employing the reductive perturbation method (RPM). Using the appropriate travelling wave transformation, the model equation is transformed into a dynamical system. The different kinds of existing wave solutions are demonstrated in phase plots and time series diagrams based on appropriate parametric regions. The effect of superthermal electrons
(
κ
e
)
and positrons
(
κ
p
)
enhances the amplitude of both solitary and shock waves. With the variation of kinematic viscosity of ions, we observe the variation in breadth of the shock profile without affecting the amplitude. The alterations of the periodic wave solution with the involved system parameters are also shown in diagrammatic representations. The output of this present work could be useful to elucidate the bifurcation behaviour of solitary, shock, and periodic waves in an assortment of magnetised dissipative dusty plasma systems.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the dust ion-acoustic soliton (DIAS) structures in a magnetised plasma with superthermal components in the presence of trapped electrons, positive ...(negative) ions and opposite charged dust particles. Using the well-known reductive perturbation technique and a hydrodynamic model for ions, we have constructed both the Schamel Zakharov–Kuznetsov (S-ZK) and Schamel Korteweg–de Vries (S-KdV) equations. An energy integral equation involving Sagdeev’s pseudopotential is derived and the fundamental properties of small-amplitude solitary waves are investigated. The implications of relevant plasma parameters, such as the spectral index parameter, trapped electron parameter, positive (negative) dust number density and ion cyclotron frequency, on the profile of the Sagdeev’s pseudopotential and the corresponding solitary waves are shown graphically.
Roads play a crucial role in the urban spatial structure. A place's development and growth depend on the road network connectivity and accessibility being the socio-economic and transportation ...carrier. It involves the mobility of people and goods from one place to another. The choice of mode of travel depends on the living standards, connectivity, and vicinity to the work area. The study uses satellite data to analyze road network connectivity using the connectivity indices of Mangalore City Corporation, a port city in India. The connectivity indices alpha, beta, gamma, and eta showed the Area's good connectivity with proper roads and interconnectivity. Using Dijkstra's algorithm, the least cost path is identified on which the spatial mapping of the travel information is made. The travel information raster served the commuter in knowing the time, distance, and cost of modes from all possible origins to each city center. Specifically, it serves as the base map for bus routes, their cost, and travel time for significant city bus stations. The cost of travel, Duration, and distance information is mapped for two-wheeler and four-wheeler commuters. The study used the Modis Land Use Land Cover Data to identify inaccessible road network areas.
Generation of unstable whistler mode is investigated in the presence of kinetic Alfven wave turbulence (KAW) field in a burning plasma. KAW turbulence is supported by plasma inhomogeneity in a ...burning plasma. The propagation of this low frequency KAW in inhomogeneous magnetized plasma is expected to play a significant role in heating energetic particles such as deuterium and tritium and the exchange of energy among waves to develop instability in fusion reactors. Whistler mode in a burning plasma may be amplified when the accelerated energetic particles transfer their energy to whistler mode nonlinearly through a modulated field. Considering a Maxwellian model of ion distribution function for inhomogeneous plasma with the involvement of a uniform force
F
, we have evaluated fluctuating parts of the distribution function due to KAW turbulence using the Vlasov equation. We have also obtained nonlinear fluctuating parts of the ion distribution function due to modulated waves as well as nonlinear whistler mode. We have estimated the growth rate of the whistler mode using a nonlinear dispersion relation for the whistler mode.
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