Highlights ► We systematically examined the impact of PTSD and PTSD symptoms on physical health. ► The strongest relationship emerged between PTSD and general physical symptoms. ► Moderating ...variables of the PTSD-physical health relationship were identified.
Although sleep complaints are common among patients with Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), polysomnographic studies examining sleep abnormalities in PTSD have produced inconsistent results. To ...clarify discrepant findings, we conducted a meta‐analytic review of 20 polysomnographic studies comparing sleep in people with and without PTSD. Results showed that PTSD patients had more stage 1 sleep, less slow wave sleep, and greater rapid‐eye‐movement density compared to people without PTSD. We also conducted exploratory analyses aimed at examining potential moderating variables (age, sex, and comorbid depression and substance use disorders). Overall, studies with a greater proportion of male participants or a low rate of comorbid depression tended to find more PTSD‐related sleep disturbances. These findings suggest that sleep abnormalities exist in PTSD, and that some of the inconsistencies in prior findings may be explained by moderating variables.
Objective The purpose of the present article was to systematically review the literature investigating the long-term physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Methods Literature ...searches yielded 31 studies comparing individuals with and without a history of CSA on six health outcomes: general health, gastrointestinal (GI) health, gynecologic or reproductive health, pain, cardiopulmonary symptoms, and obesity. Exploratory subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential methodological moderators. Results Results suggested that a history of CSA was associated with small to moderate group differences on almost all health outcomes assessed, such that individuals with a history of CSA reported more complaints for each health outcome. Suggestive trends in moderating variables of study design and methodology are presented. Conclusions Results highlight the long-term physical health consequences of CSA and identify potential moderators to aid in the design of future research.
The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic relationships between daily PTSD symptom severity (PTSS), cognitive and behavioral avoidance coping, and negative drinking consequences following ...recent injury. Participants consisted of 36 injury survivors (M
age
= 34.0, SD = 10.8; 75.0% male; 69.4% White) who completed thrice daily assessments of PTSS, avoidance coping, and negative drinking consequences for 7 days at 6-weeks post-injury. Although hypothesized relationships were not statistically significant in full models with covariates that included alcohol consumption, the confidence intervals associated with focal predictors provided support for predictions. Follow-up analyses without covariates indicated that on occasions when an injury survivor engaged in more avoidance coping and experienced higher levels of PTSS, negative drinking consequences increased by 9% (b = 0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .006). This interaction was primarily driven by cognitive avoidance coping (b = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .008). Routine screening of avoidance coping, PTSS, and alcohol consumption in the aftermath of recent injury might assist with identifying survivors at risk for negative drinking consequences. Interventions that address cognitive avoidance coping and drinking among survivors experiencing elevated PTSS may help to prevent the development of this comorbidity.
There is a wealth of research linking adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with negative outcomes later in life, but less research has focused on the effects of protective childhood experiences ...(PCEs). PCEs have been shown broadly to promote resilience, but the precise nature of this association is not clear, particularly in studies of at‐risk adults. The current investigation explored the association between recollection of early life experiences and in vivo emotional responses in at‐risk adults. In 2018, 56 active‐duty firefighters reported childhood experiences via a questionnaire. Using a semistructured interview, firefighters then responded to questions about recent emotionally evocative experiences (positive and negative) as a firefighter. Emotion was measured in vivo via sympathetic arousal and recorded facial expressions of emotion. Individuals who reported more PCEs expressed significantly more facial expressions of positive emotion across contexts, sr2 = .11–.14. Early childhood experiences were not significantly associated with negative facial expressions or changes in sympathetic reactivity, but ACEs were associated with tonic levels of arousal in a negative context, r = ‐.36. Given the adaptive role of positive emotions in adjustment to adverse events, the current investigation suggests a potential protective association between PCEs and the expression of emotion even within a high‐risk context, which could help explain the resilience promoting role of PCEs.
Abstract Context Families are referred to pediatric palliative care (PPC) programs when a child is diagnosed with a medical condition associated with less than a full life expectancy. When a child ...dies, PPC programs typically offer a range of bereavement interventions to these families, often focusing on parents. Currently, it is unclear which factors increase the likelihood that bereaved siblings will experience negative outcomes, limiting the development of empirically supported interventions that can be delivered in PPC programs. Objectives The present study explored the relationship between parents' and surviving sibling's mental health symptoms (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD, prolonged grief disorder (PGD), and depression symptoms) after a child's death. Additionally, the extent to which parent functioning indirectly impacted sibling functioning through parenting behaviors (i.e., positive parenting and parent involvement) was also examined, with a specific focus on differences based on parent gender. Methods Sixty bereaved parents and siblings (aged 8–18) who enrolled in a PPC program from 2008 to 2013 completed measures of PTSD, PGD, and depression related to the loss of a child/sibling. Siblings also completed a measure of general parenting behaviors. Results Maternal, but not paternal, symptoms of PTSD and PGD were directly associated with sibling outcomes. Paternal symptoms were associated with sibling symptoms indirectly, through parenting behaviors (i.e., via decreasing positive parenting). Conclusion These results underscore the importance of examining both maternal and paternal influences after the death of a child, demonstrate differential impact of maternal vs. paternal symptoms on siblings, and stress the importance of addressing postloss symptoms from a family systems perspective.
Sexual violence victimization affects approximately 1 in 5 college women and 1 in 6 college men; however, rates of sexual victimization vary widely, in part due to measurement issues. The present ...study is the first to compare the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) to a measure of sexual victimization designed to capture gender differences, the Post-Refusal Sexual Persistence Scale-Victimization (PRSPS-V). Prior research has compared the perpetration versions of these questionnaires and found large discrepancies. College students (N = 673: 367 women, 298 men, 8 gender minority) were surveyed. The SES-SFV identified 260 cases of sexual victimization whereas the PRSPS-V identified 330 cases; this discrepancy was largest for men. While percent agreement between the two measures ranged from 79.9-92.0%, kappa estimates indicated that agreement was in the weak to moderate range. Kappa estimates tended to be poorer for men than women. These results highlight poor precision in the measurement of sexual violence victimization, even when using well-established measures. The PRSPS-V identified more cases and may be less gender biased. We discuss how differences in questionnaire structure, item structure, and operationalization of consent may account for discordance between the SES-SFV and PRSPS-V even when controlling for item content.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background:
The prevalence of sexual perpetration in college men is unknown. Prior reviews of sexual violence prevalence rates have produced wide-ranging estimates, likely due to wide variation in ...measurement strategies.
Objectives:
This article systematically reviewed research findings (from 2000 to 2017) regarding prevalence rates of sexual perpetration in college men and measurement strategies. Data Sources: PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. Eligibility Criteria: Empirical reports published between 2000 and 2017 that included male participants, available in English, and reported lifetime prevalence findings in Canadian or American college students. Participants: Data from 78 independent samples including 25,524 college men.
Results:
The average prevalence rate of any sexual perpetration was 29.3% (SD = 16.8), and the average rate of rape was 6.5% (SD = 6.3). Studies that used non-Sexual Experiences Survey (SES)–based questionnaires recorded higher prevalence rates (41.5%) than SES-using studies (26.2%). At least 16 different sexual perpetration questionnaires were identified. Modifying standardized questionnaires was extremely common; this was reported in over half of the studies. Studies using modified standardized questionnaires found higher prevalence rates of sexual perpetration than studies using nonmodified standardized questionnaires.
Limitations:
This report focused exclusively on college men in the United States and Canada.
Conclusions and Implications:
On average, 29% of college males report engaging in behaviors defined as sexual perpetration; however, there was a strong influence of measurement strategy on reported rates.
Identifying and promoting resilience factors may offer novel strategies for optimizing the recovery of patients following orthopedic surgery. Prior research has suggested that self-efficacy, positive ...affect, vigor, and vitality may function as resilience factors in the face of chronic pain. The present study examines these resilience factors in a prospective, cognitive-affective-behavioral pathway to recovery. Patients (n = 110) undergoing unilateral, total knee replacement surgery completed self-report assessments of study variables. Self-efficacy was assessed 2 ½ weeks prior to surgery, positive affect the day after surgery, vitality and vigor one-month following surgery, and post-operative pain at one- and three-months following surgery. Control variables included gender, pain, and depressive symptoms prior to surgery. Path analysis revealed significant coefficients from pre-operative self-efficacy to positive affect during hospitalization (β = .246,
p
= .017), as well as to vitality (β = .323,
p
= .001) and vigor (β = .387,
p
< .001) at one-month following surgery. Both indicators of energy predicted better post-operative recovery (one-month: vitality β = -.254,
p
= .016; vigor β = -.329,
p
= .002); three-months: vitality β = -.192,
p
= .047, vigor β = -.201,
p
= .044). Findings support a cognitive-affective-behavioral pathway to recovery.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are relatively common following pediatric traumatic injury and are related to poor long-term child outcomes. However, due to concerns regarding the ...efficacy of early child preventive interventions, and difficulty intervening with injured and medicated children soon after the event, it is not feasible to provide early psychological interventions to children exposed to traumatic injury. Parental PTSD symptoms and reactions to the child's traumatic injury impact child outcomes and provide potential targets for early intervention to reduce child symptom development without involving the child. The authors conducted a review of the literature using Psycinfo and Pubmed research databases (publication years = 1990-2017) and identified 65 published studies relevant to the topic of the review. The present review considers parent factors parenting styles, parental post-traumatic pathology (PTS), adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, and communication regarding the traumatic injury and their impact on child PTS. We focus specifically on factors amenable to intervention. We further review moderators of these relationships (e.g., child age and gender, parent gender) and conclude that it is unlikely that a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment will be successful. Rather, it is necessary to consider the age and gender of parent child dyads in designing and providing targeted interventions to families following the traumatic injury of a child.
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