•The inference of Gene Regulatory Networks enables the integrative analysis of biological systems.•Novel computational approaches have been developed for network reconstruction and evaluation.•Gene ...Network validation still remains a challenging step of the process.•This review presents a comprehensive review of the field.
In the recent years, the vast amount of genetic information generated by new-generation approaches, have led to the need of new data handling methods. The integrative analysis of diverse-nature gene information could provide a much-sought overview to study complex biological systems and processes. In this sense, Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN) arise as an increasingly-promising tool for the modelling and analysis of biological processes. This review is an attempt to summarize the state of the art in the field of GRNs. Essential points in the field are addressed, thereof: (a) the type of data used for network generation, (b) machine learning methods and tools used for network generation, (c) model optimization and (d) computational approaches used for network validation. This survey is intended to provide an overview of the subject for readers to improve their knowledge in the field of GRN for future research.
Serotonin (5-HT) deficiency occurs in a number of brain disorders that affect cognitive function. However, a direct causal relationship between 5-HT hypo-transmission and memory and underlying ...mechanisms has not been established. We used mice with a constitutive depletion of 5-HT brain levels (Pet1KO mice) to analyze the contribution of 5-HT to different forms of learning and memory. Pet1KO mice exhibited a striking deficit in novel object recognition memory, a hippocampal-dependent task. No alterations were found in tasks for social recognition, procedural learning, or fear memory. Viral delivery of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs was used to selectively silence the activity of 5-HT neurons in the raphe. Inhibition of 5-HT neurons in the median raphe, but not the dorsal raphe, was sufficient to impair object recognition in adult mice. In vivo electrophysiology in behaving mice showed that long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of 5-HT-deficient mice was altered, and administration of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OHDPAT rescued the memory deficits. Our data suggest that hyposerotonergia selectively affects declarative hippocampal-dependent memory. Serotonergic projections from the median raphe are necessary to regulate object memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity processes, through an inhibitory control mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.
The intestinal epithelium represents an exquisite complex combination of specialized cellular components, structural organization, as well as fine-tuned maintenance and renewal mechanisms that ensure ...its barrier and absorptive function. Defects in one or more of these components can lead to devastating consequences for the organisms, and when chronic, even develop into inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. In these scenarios, the cytokine TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) appears to be a major inflammation-promoting and tissue damage-promoting effector molecule. Besides its role in inflammation and cell death, TNF presents a wide range of pleiotropic activities with implications in various cellular processes, including proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, more recent evidences suggest an anti-inflammatory role of TNF, mostly via the induction of local glucocorticoids synthesis in the intestinal epithelium. Thus, the outcome of TNF receptor signaling largely depends on various factors, like the TNFR composition and the precise cellular context or tissue type, which will determine the cellular fate. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and their potential crosstalk that regulate the different TNF-initiated cellular outcomes in the intestine, as well as possible applications for pharmacological interventions in the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa.
Objectives
Musculoskeletal disorders affect a high percentage of dentists, dental hygienists and therapists. Static and awkward working postures are considered as major risk factors. Proper seat ...selection and use of magnification loupes are promoted for their ergonomic benefits. The aim of this review was to evaluate the existing empirical evidence on the effect of the above interventions on (i) correction of poor posture and (ii) reduction in musculoskeletal pain.
Methods
The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017058580). The Medline via Ovid, CINHAL via EBSCO, Web of Science, OpenGrey and EThOS electronic databases were searched. Prospective experimental studies were considered for inclusion. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool (EPHPP) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies.
Results
Eight studies were included in the review. Four investigated the effect of loupes on posture and musculoskeletal pain, 4 the effect of the saddle seats on posture and one of the latter explored the combined effect of magnification and use of saddle seats on posture.
Conclusions
Based on a limited number of studies, the use of ergonomic saddle seats and dental loupes leads to improved working postures. The use of loupes appears to relieve shoulder, arm and hand pain. However, their effect on neck pain is scarce. None of the studies reported on the effect of the saddle seats on musculoskeletal pain. Future well‐powered prospective longitudinal studies are deemed necessary to confirm the conclusions of this review.
A modified version of the QuEChERS method has been developed for the determination of a group of ten organophosphorus pesticides (i.e. ethoprofos, dimethoate, diazinon, malaoxon, chlorpyrifos-methyl, ...fenitrothion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenamiphos and phosmet) and one thiadiazine pesticide (buprofezin) in three different types of soils (forestal, ornamental and agricultural). The method was validated through linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy studies, and also by carrying out a matrix-matched calibration for the three soils owing to the existence of a strong matrix effect. Acceptable recovery values were obtained (between 45 and 96%) for all the pesticides and soils, except for malathion and malaoxon in forestal and ornamental soils, from which they could not be quantitatively extracted. Limits of detection of the whole method ranged between 0.48 and 7.78 ng/g. The method was finally applied to the determination of chlorpyrifos concentration in a treated soil for cultivation of potatoes.
ABSTRACT The "main sequence of galaxies"-defined in terms of the total star formation rate versus the total stellar mass M*-is a well-studied tight relation that has been observed at several ...wavelengths and at different redshifts. All earlier studies have derived this relation from integrated properties of galaxies. We recover the same relation from an analysis of spatially resolved properties, with integral field spectroscopic (IFS) observations of 306 galaxies from the CALIFA survey. We consider the SFR surface density in units of log(M yr−1 Kpc−2) and the stellar mass surface density in units of log(M Kpc−2) in individual spaxels that probe spatial scales of 0.5-1.5 Kpc. This local relation exhibits a high degree of correlation with small scatter ( = 0.23 dex), irrespective of the dominant ionization source of the host galaxy or its integrated stellar mass. We highlight (i) the integrated star formation main sequence formed by galaxies whose dominant ionization process is related to star formation, for which we find a slope of 0.81 0.02; (ii) for the spatially resolved relation obtained with the spaxel analysis, we find a slope of 0.72 0.04; and (iii) for the integrated main sequence, we also identified a sequence formed by galaxies that are dominated by an old stellar population, which we have called the retired galaxies sequence.
Reelin, an extracellular protein essential for neural migration and lamination, is also expressed in the adult brain. To unravel the function of this protein in the adult forebrain, we generated ...transgenic mice that overexpress Reelin under the control of the CaMKIIalpha promoter. Overexpression of Reelin increased adult neurogenesis and impaired the migration and positioning of adult-generated neurons. In the hippocampus, the overexpression of Reelin resulted in an increase in synaptic contacts and hypertrophy of dendritic spines. Induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in alert-behaving mice showed that Reelin overexpression evokes a dramatic increase in LTP responses. Hippocampal field EPSP during a classical conditioning paradigm was also increased in these mice. Our results indicate that Reelin levels in the adult brain regulate neurogenesis and migration, as well as the structural and functional properties of synapses. These observations suggest that Reelin controls developmental processes that remain active in the adult brain.
This Viewpoint summarizes current data on firearm injuries in the US, discusses the limitations of available data sources, and proposes measures for a comprehensive system to track firearm injury and ...death
Star formation driven galactic winds in UGC 10043 López-Cobá, C; Sánchez, S. F; Moiseev, A. V ...
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
06/2017, Letnik:
467, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
We study the galactic wind in the edge-on spiral galaxy UGC 10043 with the combination of the CALIFA integral field spectroscopy data, scanning Fabry–Perot interferometry (FPI) and multiband ...photometry. We detect ionized gas in the extraplanar regions reaching a relatively high distance, up to ∼4 kpc above the galactic disc. The ionized gas line ratios (N ii/Hα, S ii/Hα and O i/Hα) present an enhancement along the semiminor axis, in contrast with the values found at the disc, where they are compatible with ionization due to H ii-regions. These differences, together with the biconic symmetry of the extra-planar ionized structure, make UGC 10043 a clear candidate for a galaxy with gas outflows ionizated by shocks. From the comparison of shock models with the observed line ratios, and the kinematics observed from the FPI data, we constrain the physical properties of the observed outflow. The data are compatible with a velocity increase of the gas along the extraplanar distances up to <400 km s−1 and the pre-shock density decreasing in the same direction. We also observe a discrepancy in the SFR estimated based on Hα (0.36 M⊙ yr−1) and that estimated with the cigale code, the latter being five times larger. Nevertheless, this SFR is still not enough to drive the observed galactic wind if we do not take into account the filling factor. We stress that the combination of the three techniques of observation with the models is a powerful tool to explore galactic winds in the Local Universe.
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