Taking into consideration the items of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this study reviews application of mechanochemical approaches to the ...modification of polysaccharides. The ability to avoid toxic solvents, initiators, or catalysts during processes is an important characteristic of the considered approach and is in line with current trends in the world. The mechanisms of chemical transformations in solid reactive systems during mechanical activation, the structure and physicochemical properties of the obtained products, their ability to dissolve and swell in different media, to form films and fibers, to self-organize in solution and stabilize nanodispersed inorganic particles and biologically active substances are considered using a number of polysaccharides and their derivatives as examples.
Polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of residues of sugar molecules, have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their diverse applications across various ...industries ...
A wider application of naturally derived polysaccharides is of great interest as materials for food packaging industry. Biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharide-based films and ...coatings ally with a shift from application of non-biodegradable petrochemical polymers to the more environmentally friendly ones. Due to a range of inherent features in chemical structure and bioactivity, the polysaccharide materials could bring additional functionality to food packaging. The chelating ability of the polysaccharides provides also their application as carriers of additional active components, such as nanoparticles, essential oils and polyphenols. The improved physicochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the filled films allows to consider the edible polysaccharide-based films as functional food products. This review is aimed at analysis of evolution of polysaccharide-based food packaging materials from inert one starting from cellophane to recent research works on development of multicomponent polysaccharide-based functional food films and coatings.
Self-stabilizing biodegradable microcarriers were produced via an oil/water solvent evaporation technique using amphiphilic chitosan-g-polyester copolymers as a core material in oil phase without the ...addition of any emulsifier in aqueous phase. The total yield of the copolymer-based microparticles reached up to 79 wt. %, which is comparable to a yield achievable using traditional emulsifiers. The kinetics of microparticle self-stabilization, monitored during their process, were correlated to the migration of hydrophilic copolymer's moieties to the oil/water interface. With a favorable surface/volume ratio and the presence of bioadhesive natural fragments anchored to their surface, the performance of these novel microcarriers has been highlighted by evaluating cell morphology and proliferation within a week of cell cultivation in vitro.
The flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is an indispensable coenzyme in live cells. It acts as a catalyst in many redox responsive metabolic reactions, including oxidative phosphorylation in ...mitochondria. The real-time monitoring of flavin is important to understand the disorder in the metabolic process, redox system, etc. Thus, we have developed a fluorescent probe CPy-1 that noncovalently binds with flavin to exhibit the FRET process. 1H- NMR and docking study indicated that there is a strong hydrophobic interaction between flavins and CPy-1. Also, a π–π stacking between isoalloxazine ring in flavin and quinoline and coumarin moieties of CPy-1 favors self-assembly. The nontoxic probe CPy-1 could distinguish cancer cells from normal cells based on expressions of endogenous FAD.
Tissue engineering and cell therapy are very attractive in terms of potential applications but remain quite challenging regarding the clinical aspects. Amongst the different strategies proposed to ...facilitate their implementation in clinical practices, biodegradable microparticles have shown promising outcomes with several advantages and potentialities. This critical review aims to establish a survey of the most relevant materials and processing techniques to prepare these micro vehicles. Special attention will be paid to their main potential applications, considering the regulatory constraints and the relative easiness to implement their production at an industrial level to better evaluate their application in clinical practices.
Hydrophobic derivatives of polysaccharides possess an amphiphilic behavior and are widely used as rheological modifiers, selective sorbents, and stabilizers for compositions intended for various ...applications. In this work, we studied the mechanochemical reactions of chitosan alkylation when interacting with docosylglycidyl and hexadecylglycidyl ethers in the absence of solvents at shear deformation in a pilot twin-screw extruder. The chemical structure and physical properties of the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. According to calculations for products soluble in aqueous media, it was possible to introduce about 5-12 hydrophobic fragments per chitosan macromolecule with a degree of polymerization of 500-2000. The length of the carbon chain of the alkyl substituent significantly affects its reactivity under the chosen conditions of mechanochemical synthesis. It was shown that modification disturbs the packing ability of the macromolecules, resulting in an increase of plasticity and drop in the elastic modulus of the film made from the hydrophobically modified chitosan samples.
Biodegradable polymeric microparticles are widely used in drug delivery systems with prolonged-release profiles and/or cell microcarriers. Their fabrication via the oil/water emulsion solvent ...evaporation technique has normally required emulsifiers in the aqueous phase. The present work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various polysaccharides, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, arabinogalactan, guar and their derivatives, as an alternative to synthetic surfactants for polylactide microparticle stabilization during their fabrication. Targeted modification of the biopolymer’s chemical structure was also tested as a tool to enhance polysaccharides’ emulsifying ability. The transformation of biomacromolecules into a form of nanoparticle via bottom-up or top-down methods and their subsequent application for microparticle fabrication via the Pickering emulsion solvent evaporation technique was useful as a one-step approach towards the preparation of core/shell microparticles. The effect of polysaccharides’ chemical structure and the form of their application on the polylactide microparticles’ total yield, size distribution and morphology was evaluated. The application of polysaccharides has great potential in terms of the development of green chemistry and the biocompatibility of the formed microparticles, which is especially important in biomedicine application.
Biodegradable polymeric fibrous non-woven materials are widely used type of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Their morphology and properties could be controlled by composition and fabrication ...technology. This work is aimed at development of fibrous scaffolds from a multicomponent polymeric system containing biodegradable synthetic (polylactide, polycaprolactone) and natural (gelatin, chitosan) components using different methods of non-woven mats fabrication: electrospinning and electro-assisted solution blow spinning. The effect of the fabrication technique of the fibrous materials onto their morphology and properties, including the ability to support adhesion and growth of cells, was evaluated. The mats fabricated using electrospinning technology consist of randomly oriented monofilament fibers, while application of solution blow spinning gave a rise to chaotically arranged multifilament fibers. Cytocompatibility of all fabricated fibrous mats was confirmed using in vitro analysis of metabolic activity, proliferative capacity and morphology of NIH 3T3 cell line. Live/Dead assay revealed the formation of the highest number of cell-cell contacts in the case of multifilament sample formed by electro-assisted solution blow spinning technology.
Hydrophobic segments made of oligo(l,l‐ or d,l‐lactides) or poly(l,l‐lactide) are grafted onto chitosan backbone in order to use their amphiphilic behavior to prepare degradable microcarriers ...intended to be used for tissue engineering. Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of these copolymers is adjusted playing on the respective length of their hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Thanks to their self‐emulsifying properties, these graft copolymers are processed into microspheres in the absence of hydrophilic emulsifier commonly added in the aqueous phase of the oil/water emulsion. The copolymers containing amorphous oligolactide segments of medium length are demonstrated to be the most effective ones for microparticle fabrication. The microparticles are characterized using SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The reactivity of amine group is demonstrated using fluorescein isothiocyanate staining. The resulting microspheres disclose a porous core and a shell enriched by the hydrophilic polysaccharide moieties. Stabilization of the oil/water interface during the microsphere fabrication, total yield, size distribution, and microparticle surface morphology are mainly affected by the macromolecular features of the copolymers.
Microspheres from chitosan–polylactide copolymers having various lengths of their hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties are fabricated by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique. These copolymers are able to stabilize oil/water interface during microparticle fabrication and in the absence of any emulsifiers in aqueous phase. Microparticles are recovered with high total yield and with controlled surface/bulk morphology and chemistry.
PDF
