This Letter deals with a practical signal processing problem where the filter is zero-phase and is specified by the frequency response. The authors show that if the signal is symmetrically extended, ...then the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithm can be efficiently implemented by using the discrete cosine transform without signal extension. They extend the proposed algorithm to 2D filters and show that computationally it is at least four times more efficient than the FFT-based algorithm. A practical application of the new algorithm is a fast Wiener inverse filter, which is used to estimate images taken under the condition of air turbulence.
A fast algorithm is derived for the compressive bilateral filter (CBF) by representing the bilateral filter in a new way. This representation allows us to use the property of the Gaussian function to ...reduce the number of Gaussian filters required by the CBF by a factor of 2. Producing the same results as that of the CBF, the fast algorithm runs about two times faster than the CBF.
A new edge-aware filter called the empirical Bayes filter (EBF) is presented. It is shown that the bilateral filter (BF), being a special case of the EBF, is an optimal filter in terms of Bayesian ...linear least square estimation. An adaptive EBF (AEBF), which is an adaptive combination of the BF output and the original image, is developed. Experimental results demonstrated that the AEBF outperforms the boosting algorithm in terms of improving the contrast of the bilateral filtered image.
It has been hypothesised that intense metabolism of nectar‐inhabiting yeasts (NIY) may change nectar chemistry, including volatile profile, which may affect pollinator foraging behaviours and ...consequently plant fitness. However, empirical evidence for the plant–microbe–pollinator interactions remains little known.
To test this hypothesis, we use a bumblebee‐pollinated vine Clematis akebioides endemic to southwest China as an experimental model plant. To quantify the incidence and density of Metschnikowia reukaufii, a cosmopolitan NIY in floral nectar, a combination of yeast cultivation and microscopic cell‐counting method was used. To examine the effects of NIY on plant–pollinator interactions, we used real flowers filled with artificial nectar with or without yeast cells. Then the volatile metabolites produced in the yeast‐inoculated nectar were analysed with coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).
On average 79.3% of the C. akebioides flowers harboured M. reukaufii, and cell density of NIY was high to 7.4 × 104 cells mm−3. In the field population, the presence of NIY in flowers of C. akebioides increased bumblebee (Bombus friseanus) pollinator visitation rate and consequently seed set per flower. A variety of fatty acid derivatives produced by M. reukaufii may be responsible for the above beneficial interactions.
The volatiles produced by the metabolism of M. reukaufii may serve as an honest signal to attract bumblebee pollinators and indirectly promote the female reproductive fitness of C. akebioides, forming a potentially tripartite plant–microbe–pollinator mutualism.
Abstract
The BOUT++ transport code is run to study the effects of plasma drifts on the divertor out-in asymmetries (DOIAs) of particle and heat fluxes and their decay widths for EAST lower single ...null H-mode discharges. The diamagnetic drift seems to have no effects on the DOIAs of total particle and heat fluxes due to its divergence-free nature. However, it could significantly increase the DOIAs of peak particle and heat fluxes and the flux decay widths. The E × B drift is found to induce a large plasma flow to the divertor region, enhancing the DOIAs of both total and peak particle and heat fluxes and the flux decay widths. Both the radial and poloidal components of the E × B drift are necessary in increasing the DOIAs, however, the radial E × B drift seems to play a more important role. The effects on the DOIAs caused by both diamagnetic and E × B drifts are reversed with the reverse of toroidal magnetic field. The heat flux decay width
λ
q
and spreading width
S
q
are important physical and engineering parameters for the divertors and could be obtained by fitting the heat flux profiles at divertor targets. The
λ
q
at the outer target from the simulation case with all drifts could well match with the multi-machine scaling proposed by Eich and the DOIA of
λ
q
is in reasonable agreement with the scaling proposed by Goldston.
We observe the dispersive breaking of cosine-type long waves Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 240 (1965) in shallow water, characterizing the highly nonlinear "multisoliton" fission over variable conditions. We ...provide new insight into the interpretation of the results by analyzing the data in terms of the periodic inverse scattering transform for the Korteweg-de Vries equation. In a wide range of dispersion and nonlinearity, the data compare favorably with our analytical estimate, based on a rigorous WKB approach, of the number of emerging solitons. We are also able to observe experimentally the universal Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence in the regime of moderately weak dispersion.
Summary
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialized in immune suppression and play a dominant role in peripheral immune tolerance. Treg cell lineage development and function maintenance is determined ...by the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) transcriptional factor, whose activity is fine‐tuned by its post‐translational modifications (PTMs) and interaction partners. In this review, we summarize current studies in the crystal structures, the PTMs and interaction partners of FoxP3 protein, and discuss how these insights may provide a roadmap for new approaches to modulate Treg suppression, and new therapies to enhance immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
FOXP3 is the master transcription factor in regulating Treg cell development and function. The forkhead domain of FOXP3 forms a domain‐swapped dimer which can bridge two long‐range FOXP3‐targeted genes (a). The zinc‐finger and leucine‐zipper domain forms oligomerization through the hydrophobic coiled‐coil surface (b). Acetylation of K250 and K252 located in the coiled‐coil region changes the conformation of FOXP3, which implies a structure‐based regulation of the conformation and activity of FOXP3 by integration of posttranslational modifications may modulate Treg function. Understanding the molecular and structural features of Foxp3 helps to design rational therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases.
Regulatory T cells (T
) are specialized in immune suppression and play a dominant role in peripheral immune tolerance. T
cell lineage development and function maintenance is determined by the ...forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) transcriptional factor, whose activity is fine-tuned by its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and interaction partners. In this review, we summarize current studies in the crystal structures, the PTMs and interaction partners of FoxP3 protein, and discuss how these insights may provide a roadmap for new approaches to modulate T
suppression, and new therapies to enhance immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
Nomograms are rarely employed to estimate the survival of patients with advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer (PC). Herein, we developed a comprehensive approach to using a nomogram to predict ...survival probability in patients with advanced and metastatic PC.
A total of 323 patients with advanced and metastatic PC were identified from the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital. A baseline nomogram was constructed using baseline variables of 323 patients. Additionally, 233 patients, whose tumors showed initial responses to first-line chemotherapy, were enrolled in the chemotherapy response-based model. 128 patients and 108 patients with advanced and metastatic PC from January 2019 to April 2021 were selected for external validating baseline model and chemotherapy response-based model. The 1-year and 2-year survival probability was evaluated using multivariate COX regression models. The discrimination and calibration capacity of the nomograms were assessed using C-statistic and calibration plots. The predictive accuracy and net benefit of the nomograms were evaluated using ROC curve and DCA, respectively.
In the baseline model, six variables (gender, KPS, baseline TB, baseline N, baseline WBC and baseline CA19-9) were used in the final model. In the chemotherapy response-based model, nine variables (KPS, gender, ascites, baseline N, baseline CA 19-9, baseline CEA, change in CA 19-9 level at week, change in CEA level at week and initial response to chemotherapy) were included in the final model. The C-statistics of the baseline nomogram and the chemotherapy response-based nomogram were 0.67 (95% CI, 0.62-0.71) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.69-0.77), respectively.
These nomograms were constructed to predict the survival probability of patients of advanced and metastatic PC. The baseline model and chemotherapy response-based model performed well in survival prediction.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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