We analyzed chemistry trends for 66 Atlantic Canada lakes using data collected from 1983 to 2007, as well as from 1990 to 2007 and 2000 to 2007 for the original 66 and a further 25 lakes that were ...later added to the network. Though receiving the lowest acid deposition in eastern North America, the region's waters are seriously affected by acid rain because of poorly buffering soils and bedrock. Earlier work had shown that despite large decreases in sulfate deposition, lake pH and calculated acid neutralization capacity (ANC.sub.c) had not increased as they had elsewhere in North America and Europe. Despite a 50% decrease in acid deposition, a further 10 years of lake chemistry data showed a regional increase in ANC.sub.c only at the beginning of the sampling period but no increase since the early 1990s. There were also no increases in pH and base cations in the region's lakes. We show a regional increase in Gran titration ANC (ANC.sub.G) from 2000 to the present, which we ascribe to increases in dissolved organic carbon that is probably due to a regional increase in annual air temperatures.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Dissolved total nitrogen (Nₜ) and total organic carbon (TOC) exports were measured from 30 catchments and regions draining 76 % of the Canadian landscape in order to estimate reactive N and organic C ...runoff losses to estuaries and the conditions that control them. N exports from the catchments were lower than measured in most of Europe and the United States due to significantly less agricultural activity and atmospheric deposition, especially in northern Canada. We produce statistical models using a number of geographical, climatic, agricultural, and population factors in order to predict N and C losses from the remaining regions. Using measured and extrapolated data, we estimated that the Canadian landscape exports 884 and 18,210 ktons of Nₜ and OC per year. Area normalized exports ranged from 29.4 kg km⁻² for the northern Mackenzie River to 299 kg km⁻² for the semi-agricultural Saint John. Area normalized OC exports ranged from 495 kg km⁻² in the high Arctic to 7,295 to the wetland dominated Broadback River in northern Quebec. N exports were best predicted by the latitude of the catchment centroid, mean slope, population density, runoff and % of the catchment as agricultural land. The best model for predicting TOC exports needed only slope and runoff. The Nₜ/OC ratio in the rivers unsurprisingly was highest in the southern portion of the country where anthropogenic activities were concentrated.
We analyzed chemistry trends for 66 Atlantic Canada lakes using data collected from 1983 to 2007, as well as from 1990 to 2007 and 2000 to 2007 for the original 66 and a further 25 lakes that were ...later added to the network. Though receiving the lowest acid deposition in eastern North America, the region’s waters are seriously affected by acid rain because of poorly buffering soils and bedrock. Earlier work had shown that despite large decreases in sulfate deposition, lake pH and calculated acid neutralization capacity (ANC
c
) had not increased as they had elsewhere in North America and Europe. Despite a 50% decrease in acid deposition, a further 10 years of lake chemistry data showed a regional increase in ANC
c
only at the beginning of the sampling period but no increase since the early 1990s. There were also no increases in pH and base cations in the region’s lakes. We show a regional increase in Gran titration ANC (ANC
G
) from 2000 to the present, which we ascribe to increases in dissolved organic carbon that is probably due to a regional increase in annual air temperatures.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Impact of the UK Human Rights Act on the law of criminal evidence - approach to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the development of a concept of fair trial rights under the ...European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - principle of proportionality - dimensions of fair trial rights - function of the law of evidence in securing legitimate verdicts in criminal trials.
Studies from the 1980s concluded that aluminum (Al) was not a significant contributor to Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
) toxicity in Nova Scotia, located on Canada’s Atlantic coast, because of the ...presence of dissolved organic matter that rendered ionic Al (Al
i
) biologically inaccessible. Since this earlier work, new interpretations of Al
i
effects, as well as improved techniques for its measurement, have been developed. However, no new data interpretation has been done to see if the conclusions reached in earlier work for Atlantic Canada were still valid. We sampled 97 salmon rivers from the provinces of New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), and the island of Newfoundland (NF) to determine total and Al
i
concentrations to see if results exceeded newer toxicity standards established by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. We found that southwestern NS, the region with the greatest loss of salmon populations, has seven rivers where autumn Al
i
values exceed values identified as toxic to aquatic life. A further three rivers exceed guidelines in NF. Our work shows that the sources of toxicity for salmon and other aquatic species in acidified environments are more complex than previously thought.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper revisits the case for codification of the criminal law of England and Wales. It proposes that the Law Commission's codification project should be revived and should begin with codifying ...the law of criminal evidence. The arguments in favour of codification are strong and the arguments against are weak. The paper suggests that codification of the law of criminal evidence would not be an unduly difficult exercise. Most of the law is contained in a collection of modern statutes, the provisions of which could be simply consolidated. The remaining law is a mix of older legislation and common law that would require restating in a consistent modern style. There are relatively few issues requiring important decisions of policy. The experience of Australia and New Zealand shows that the drafting of an evidence code is a feasible undertaking and need not result in an excessively lengthy Act.
Many academic criminal lawyers and criminal law theorists seek to resolve the optimum conditions for a criminal law fit to serve a liberal democracy. Typical wish lists include a criminal law that ...intervenes against any given individual only when there is a reasonable suspicion that s/he has caused harm to the legally protected interests of another or was on the brink of doing so. Until there is conduct that gives rise to a reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct by an individual, s/he should be allowed to go about his or her business free from covert surveillance or other forms of intrusion. All elements of crimes should be proved beyond any reasonable doubt. Any punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the wrongdoing and when the offender has served this punishment the account should be cleared and good standing recovered. Seeking Security explores the gap between the normative aspirations of liberal, criminal law scholarship and the current criminal law and practice of Anglophone jurisdictions. The concern with security and risk, which in large part explains the disconnection between theory and practice, seems set to stay and is a major challenge to the form and relevance of a large part of criminal law scholarship.
The usefulness of oral fluid (OF) sampling for surveillance of infections in pig populations is already accepted but its value as a tool to support investigations of porcine respiratory disease ...complex (PRDC) has been less well studied. This study set out to describe detection patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus type A (SIV) and
(
) among farms showing differing severity of PRDC. The study included six wean-to-finish pig batches from farms with historical occurrence of respiratory disease. OF samples were collected from six pens every two weeks from the 5
to the 21
week of age and tested by real time PCR for presence of PRRSV, SIV and
and by quantitative real time PCR for PCV2. Data was evaluated alongside clinical and post-mortem observations, mortality rate, slaughter pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry testing data for PCV2 antigen where available.
PRRSV and
were detectable in OF but with inconsistency between pens at the same sampling time and within pens over sequential sampling times. Detection of SIV in clinical and subclinical cases showed good consistency between pens at the same sampling time point with detection possible for periods of 2-4 weeks. Quantitative testing of OF for PCV2 indicated different patterns and levels of detection between farms unaffected or affected by porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). There was good correlation of PCR results for multiple samples collected from the same pen but no associations were found between prevalence of positive test results and pen location in the building or sex of pigs.
Detection patterns for PRRSV, SIV and
supported the effectiveness of OF testing as an additional tool for diagnostic investigation of PRDC but emphasised the importance of sampling from multiple pens and on multiple occasions. Preliminary evidence supported the measurement of PCV2 load in pooled OF as a tool for prediction of clinical or subclinical PCVD at farm level.
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