Central to neurosurgical care, neurosurgical education is particularly needed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where opportunities for neurosurgical training are limited due to social and ...economic constraints and an inadequate workforce. The present paper aims (1) to evaluate the validity and usability of a cadaver-free hybrid system in the context of LMICs and (2) to report their learning needs and whether the courses meet those needs via a comprehensive survey.
From April to November 2021, a non-profit initiative consisting of a series of innovative cadaver-free courses based on virtual and practical training was organized. This project emerged from a collaboration between the Young Neurosurgeons Forum of the World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS), the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma, and UpSurgeOn, an Italian hi-tech company specialized in simulation technologies, creator of the UpSurgeOn Box, a hyper-realistic simulator of cranial approaches fused with augmented reality. Over that period, 11 cadaver-free courses were held in LMICs using remote hands-on Box simulators.
One hundred sixty-eight participants completed an online survey after course completion of the course. The anatomical accuracy of simulators was overall rated high by the participant. The simulator provided a challenging but manageable learning curve, and 86% of participants found the Box to be very intuitive to use. When asked if the sequence of mental training (app), hybrid training (Augmented Reality), and manual training (the Box) was an effective method of training to fill the gap between theoretical knowledge and practice on a real patient/cadaver, 83% of participants agreed. Overall, the hands-on activities on the simulators have been satisfactory, as well as the integration between physical and digital simulation.
This project demonstrated that a cadaver-free hybrid (virtual/hands-on) training system could potentially participate in accelerating the learning curve of neurosurgical residents, especially in the setting of limited training possibilities such as LMICs, which were only worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Transition numérique des coopératives à l'ère de covid-19 EL BOUFFI EL BOUGHLI, Chaimaa; QACHAR, ABDELHAKIM; Derkaoui, Rania
International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics,
12/2023, Letnik:
4, Številka:
6-1(2023)
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The health and economic crisis caused by Covid-19 is undoubtedly one of the most serious and dramatic crises our globe has experienced to date.This pandemic has disrupted all economies, impacting ...advanced and developing countries and creating an unstable and uncertain environment.Morocco is no exception as it tries to endure the negative repercussions of the measures taken to limit the harmful effects.It must not be denied that this crisis had positive points such as the acceleration of the digital transformation of organizations moving from a Morocco 1.0 to a Morocco 4.0. Various organizations, including the Social and Solidarity Economy, in particular cooperatives, have tried to adapt to the new context while opting for teleworking to ensure the continuity of their business, for selling and buying online, for e-learning, etc.To answer the following problem: What is the impact of the digital transition on cooperatives in the era of covid-19", we will opt for a conceptual literature where we will try to define the concept of digital transition, as well as that of the social and solidarity economy, more particularly one of its main components "cooperatives" which are the subject of our study, to end up highlighting the benefits and limits of digital on this form of social enterprise
La crise sanitaire et économique,due au Covid-19, est sans aucun doute l’une des plus graves et dramatiques crises que notre globe a connues jusqu’à présent. Cette pandémie a bouleversé toutes les économies, impactant les pays avancés et ceux en développement et générant un contexte instable et incertain. Le Maroc ne fait pas l’exception vu qu’il essaye d’endurer les mauvaises répercussions dues aux mesures entreprises pour limiter les effets néfastes. Il ne faut pas nier que cette crise avait des points positifs tels que l’accélération de la transformation digitale des organisations passant d’un Maroc 1.0 à un Maroc 4.0. Différentes organisations, y compris celle de l’Économie sociale et solidaire notamment les coopératives, ont essayé de s’adapter au nouveau contexte tout en optant pour le télétravail pour assurer la continuité de leur activité, pour la vente et l’achat en ligne, pour le e-learning ...etc. Pour qui répondra à la problématique suivante: Quel est l’impact de la transition numérique sur les coopératives à l’ère de covid-19»,nous allons opter pour une littérature conceptuelle où nous essayerons de définir le concept de transition numérique, ainsi que celui de l’économie sociale et solidaire plus particulièrement l’une de ses composantes principales «les coopératives» qui sont sujet de notre étude, pour finir par ressortir les bienfaits et les limites du digital sur cette forme d’entreprise sociale.
The energy of atmospheric neutrinos detected by MACRO was estimated using multiple Coulomb scattering of upward throughgoing muons. This analysis allows a test of atmospheric neutrino oscillations, ...relying on the distortion of the muon energy distribution. These results have been combined with those coming from the upward throughgoing muon angular distribution only. Both analyses are independent of the neutrino flux normalization and provide strong evidence, above the 4σ level, in favour of neutrino oscillations.
The angular distribution of upward-going muons produced by atmospheric neutrinos in the rock below the MACRO detector shows anomalies in good agreement with two flavor νμ→ντ oscillations with maximum ...mixing and Δm2 around 0.0024 eV2. Exploiting the dependence of magnitude of the matter effect on oscillation channel, and using a set of 809 upward-going muons observed in MACRO, we show that the two flavor νμ→νs oscillation is disfavored with 99% C.L. with respect to νμ→ντ.
We present a measurement of the flux of neutrino-induced upgoing muons (<E
ν
>∼ 100 GeV) using the MACRO detector. The ratio of the number of observed to expected events integrated over all zenith ...angles is 0.74 ±0.036 (stat) ±0.046 (systematic) ±0.13 (theoretical). The observed zenith distribution for −1.0≤cos
θ≤−0.1 does not fit well with the no oscillation expectation, giving a maximum probability for
χ
2 of 0.1%. The acceptance of the detector has been extensively studied using downgoing muons, independent analyses and Monte Carlo simulations. The other systematic uncertainties cannot be the source of the discrepancies between the data and expectations.
We have investigated whether the observed number of events and the shape of the zenith distribution can be explained by a neutrino oscillation hypothesis. Fitting either the flux or zenith distribution independently yields mixing parameters of sin
22
θ=1.0 and
Δm
2 of a few times 10
−3 eV
2. However, the observed zenith distribution does not fit well with any expectations, giving a maximum probability for
χ
2 of 5% for the best oscillation hypothesis, and the combined probability for the shape and number of events is 17%. We conclude that these data favor a neutrino oscillation hypothesis, but with unexplained structure in the zenith distribution not easily explained by either the statistics or systematics of the experiment.
The cosmic ray primary composition in the energy range between 10(15) and 10(16) eV, i.e., around the "knee" of the primary spectrum, has been studied through the combined measurements of the EAS-TOP ...air shower array (2005 m a. s.l., 10(5) m(2) collecting area) and the MACRO underground detector (963 m.a.s.l., 3100 m w.e. of minimum rock overburden, 920 m(2) effective area) at the National Gran Sasso Laboratories. The used observables are the air shower size (N-c) measured by EAS-TOP and the muon number (N-mu) recorded by MACRO. The two detectors are separated on average by 1200 m of rock, and located at a respective zenith angle of about 30degrees. The energy threshold at the surface for muons reaching the MACRO depth is approximately 1.3 TeV. Such muons are produced in the early stages of the shower development and in a kinematic region quite different from the one relevant for the usual N-mu - N-e studies. The measurement leads to a primary composition becoming heavier at the knee of the primary spectrum, the knee itself resulting from the steepening of the spectrum of a primary light component (p, He) of Deltay = 0.7 +/- 0.4 at E-0 similar to 4 x 10(15) eV. The result confirms the ones reported from the observation of the low energy muons at the surface (typically in the GeV energy range), showing that the conclusions do not depend on the production region kinematics. Thus, the hadronic interaction model used (CORSIKA/QGSJET) provides consistent composition results from data related to secondaries produced in a rapidity region exceeding the central one. Such an evolution of the composition in the knee region supports the "standard" galactic acceleration/propagation models that imply rigidity dependent breaks of the different components.. and therefore breaks occurring at lower energies in the spectra of the light nuclei. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The MACRO detector at Gran Sasso Ambrosio, M.; Antolini, R.; Assiro, R. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2002, Letnik:
486, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
MACRO was an experiment that ran in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso from 1988 to 2000. Its principal goal was to observe magnetic monopoles or set significantly lower experimental flux limits ...than had been previously available in the velocity range from about
β=10
−4 to unity. In addition it made a variety of other observations. Examples are: setting flux limits on other so far unobserved particles such as nuclearites and lightly ionizing particles, searching for WIMP annihilations in the Earth and the Sun and for neutrino bursts from stellar collapses in or near our Galaxy, and making measurements relevant to high energy muon and neutrino astronomy and of the flux of up-going muons as a function of nadir angle showing evidence for neutrino oscillations.
The apparatus consisted of three principal types of detectors: liquid scintillator counters, limited streamer tubes, and nuclear track etch detectors. In addition, over part of its area it contained a transition radiation detector. The general design philosophy emphasized redundancy and complementarity. This paper describes the technical aspects of the complete MACRO detector, its operational performance, and the techniques used to calibrate it and verify its proper operation. It supplements a previously published paper which described the first portion of the detector that was built and operated.
Response uniformity of the ATLAS liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter Aharrouche, M.; Colas, J.; Di Ciaccio, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
2007, Letnik:
582, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The construction of the ATLAS electromagnetic liquid argon calorimeter modules is completed and all the modules are assembled and inserted in the cryostats. During the production period four barrel ...and three endcap modules were exposed to test beams in order to assess their performance, ascertain the production quality and reproducibility, and to scrutinize the complete energy reconstruction chain from the readout and calibration electronics to the signal and energy reconstruction. It was also possible to check the full Monte Carlo simulation of the calorimeter. The analysis of the uniformity, resolution and extraction of constant term is presented. Typical non-uniformities of
5
‰
and typical global constant terms of
6
‰
are measured for the barrel and endcap modules.
The construction and the assembly of the two end-caps of the ATLAS liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter as well as their test and qualification programs are described. The work described here ...started at the beginning of 2001 and lasted for approximately three years. The results of the qualification tests performed before installation in the LHC ATLAS pit are given. The detectors are now installed in the ATLAS cavern, full of liquid argon and being commissioned. The complete detectors coverage is powered with high voltage and readout.
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