Repeat proteins have a modular organization and a regular architecture that make them attractive models for design and directed evolution experiments. HEAT repeat proteins, although very common, have ...not been used as a scaffold for artificial proteins, probably because they are made of long and irregular repeats. Here, we present and validate a consensus sequence for artificial HEAT repeat proteins. The sequence was defined from the structure-based sequence analysis of a thermostable HEAT-like repeat protein. Appropriate sequences were identified for the N- and C-caps. A library of genes coding for artificial proteins based on this sequence design, named αRep, was assembled using new and versatile methodology based on circular amplification. Proteins picked randomly from this library are expressed as soluble proteins. The biophysical properties of proteins with different numbers of repeats and different combinations of side chains in hypervariable positions were characterized. Circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that all these proteins are folded cooperatively and are very stable (
T
m >
70 °C). Stability of these proteins increases with the number of repeats. Detailed gel filtration and small-angle X-ray scattering studies showed that the purified proteins form either monomers or dimers. The X-ray structure of a stable dimeric variant structure was solved. The protein is folded with a highly regular topology and the repeat structure is organized, as expected, as pairs of alpha helices. In this protein variant, the dimerization interface results directly from the variable surface enriched in aromatic residues located in the randomized positions of the repeats. The dimer was crystallized both in an apo and in a PEG-bound form, revealing a very well defined binding crevice and some structure flexibility at the interface. This fortuitous binding site could later prove to be a useful binding site for other low molecular mass partners.
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► A new family of artificial proteins, named αRep, is described. ► These proteins are made by a repeated two helices motif, designed from thermostable HEAT–like repeats. ► Variable positions on each motif generate a hypervariable macrosurface on the protein. ► Randomly selected αRep proteins are well expressed, folded and very stable. ► The experimental 3D structure of one αRep protein is described.
The 2525 amino acid SMRT corepressor is an intrinsically disordered hub protein responsible for binding and coordinating the activities of multiple transcription factors and chromatin modifying ...enzymes. Here we have studied its interaction with HDAC7, a class IIa deacetylase that interacts with the corepressor complex together with the highly active class I deacetylase HDAC3. The binding site of class IIa deacetylases was previously mapped to an approximate 500 amino acid region of SMRT, with recent implication of short glycine-serine-isoleucine (GSI) containing motifs. In order to characterize the interaction in detail, we applied a random library screening approach within this region and obtained a range of stable, soluble SMRT fragments. In agreement with an absence of predicted structural domains, these were characterized as intrinsically disordered by NMR spectroscopy. We identified one of them, comprising residues 1255-1452, as interacting with HDAC7 with micromolar affinity. The binding site was mapped in detail by NMR and confirmed by truncation and alanine mutagenesis. Complementing this with mutational analysis of HDAC7, we show that HDAC7, via its surface zinc ion binding site, binds to a 28 residue stretch in SMRT comprising a GSI motif followed by an alpha helix.
When expression or crystallisation of a protein target in its wild-type full-length form proves problematic, a common strategy is to divide it into subconstructs comprising one or more domains. ...Rational construct design is not always successful, especially with targets for which there are few similar sequences to generate multiple sequence alignments. Even when this is possible, expression constructs may still fail to yield soluble protein, commonly expressing insolubly or at unusable yields. To address this, several new methods have been described that borrow concepts from the field of directed evolution whereby a random library is generated encompassing construct diversity; this is then screened to identify soluble constructs empirically. Here, we review progress in this area.
Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) leads to growth arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis of tumor cell lines, suggesting HDACs as promising targets for cancer therapy. At present, only one ...HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) is used in therapy: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Here, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of compounds derived from SAHA by substituting short alkyl chains at various positions of the phenyl ring. Such modifications induced variable effects ranging from partial loss of activity to increased potency. Through molecular modeling, we describe a possible interaction between HDAC7 proline 809, a residue that is strictly conserved within class 2 enzymes only, and the amide group of HDACi, while nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicated that dimethyl m-substitution may stabilize the inhibitor in the active site. Our data provide novel information on the structure−activity relationship of HDACi and suggest new ways for developing second generation SAHA-like molecules.
L'athérosclérose consiste en l'accumulation de cholestérol dans les artères causant la formation de plaques rigides pouvant causer attaques et malaises cardiaques. Il existe des molécules réduisant ...les taux de cholestérol dans le sang, mais sont inefficaces pour les patients souffrant d'hypercholestérolémie familiale. Il est donc crucial de développer de nouvelles molécules. L'inhibition de HDAC7 influence la conversion du cholestérol en acides biliaires en augmentant l'activité de la 7α-cholestérol hydroxylase, enzyme limitante du catabolisme du cholestérol. Ainsi cibler HDAC7 pourrait constituer une nouvelle stratégie pour réduire les taux de cholestérol. Le projet s'est articulé autour de deux principaux axes : comprendre et améliorer la spécificité des inhibiteurs de HDAC7 et explorer l'interaction SMRT-HDAC7 comme stratégie alternative d'inhibition de HDAC7. Des étapes successives d'ingénierie de HDAC7 ont été menées à l'aide de la technologie ESPRIT. Des essais de cristallisation et des tests d'inhibition avec un composé prometteur ont été effectués. Ce composé est un dérivé de SAHA, pan-inhibiteur des HDACs, modifié par substitution en position méta de son groupe phényle. Des essais de cristallisation sont en cours. ESPRIT a également été appliquée à la protéine SMRT. Les fragments solubles de SMRT ont été testés pour interaction avec HDAC7 par 15N-HSQC RMN. Un fragment de SMRT a été identifié comme interagissant avec HDAC7. Cette interaction a été confirmée par anisotropie de fluorescence et résonance plasmonique de surface. Des expériences de RMN complémentaires sont en cours pour attribuer les résidus impliqués dans l'interaction.
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