•The role of hypoxia and the associated factors (HIF) in tumor progression and metastasis.•The oncogenic pathways involved in tumor progression and metastasis in OSCC.•A complete picture of how HIFs ...induce EMT through oncogenic pathways.•Therapeutic perspectives.
Hypoxia, a condition of low oxygen tension in tissues, has emerged as a crucial factor in tumor pathophysiology. Hypoxic microenvironment gives rise to altered cellular metabolism and triggers varied molecular responses. These responses promote tumor progression and confer radiation resistance and chemo resistance to tumors. The predominant molecules that are associated with hypoxia research are the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are known to regulate a large group of genes that are involved in cell survival, proliferation, motility, metabolism, pH regulation, extracellular matrix function, inflammatory cell recruitment and angiogenesis by inducing the expression of their downstream target genes. The process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with metastasis in cancer. Reports also suggest that hypoxia triggers EMT in several types of cancer including breast cancer, prostate cancer and oral cancer. Oral cancer is a predominant cancer in Central and South East Asia. However, in the recent times, the incidence rates of oral cancer have been increasing in Northern and Eastern Europe as well. This review articulates the role of hypoxia and the associated factors like HIFs in inducing EMT in oral cancer (OSCC).
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), despite being one of the most malignant head and neck carcinomas (HNC), lacks comprehensive prognostic biomarkers that predict patient survival. Therefore, this ...systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to evaluate the potential prognostic value of miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in NPC.
PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis study. Permutations of multiple "search key-words" were used for the search strategy, which was limited to articles published between January 2012 and March 2018. The retrieved articles were meticulously searched with multi-level screening by two reviewers and confirmed by other reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed using Hazard Ratios (HR) and associated 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of survival obtained from previously published studies. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's bias indicator test and funnel plot symmetry.
A total of 5069 patients across 21 studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, with 65 miRNAs being evaluated in the subsequent meta-analysis. Most articles included in this study originated from China and one study from North Africa. The forest plot was generated using cumulated survival data, resulting in a pooled HR value of 1.196 (95% CI: 0.893-1.601) indicating that the upregulated miRNAs increased the likelihood of death of NPC patients by 19%.
To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that examines the prognostic effectiveness of miRNAs as biomarkers in NPC patients. We noted that the combined effect estimate of HR across multiple studies indicated that increased miRNA expression in NPC potentially leads to poor overall survival. However, further large-scale prospective studies on the clinical significance of the miRNAs, with sizable cohorts are necessary in order to obtain conclusive results.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cancer therapeutic development is the most challenging domain in cancer. Cell‐based cancer therapeutics come up with promising effectiveness. This approach was also cell‐modified for better targeting ...efficiency development. Cell engineering‐based cancer therapeutic is a cutting‐edge method in cancer therapy. Due to complications of this process, cost and post‐treatment side effects, this phenomenon came into the question mark. In this scenario, extracellular vesicle (EVs) research introduces a cell‐free cancer therapeutic approach. In the therapeutic aspect most used EVs, come from stem cells, plants, and engineered cells. Among several EVs populations, Exosomes are the most used worldwide cell‐free therapeutic tool for ageing cancer. The most interesting facts about exosomes are the biocompatible, non‐immunoreactive, cross‐biological barrier, and non‐toxic (depending on the parental cell's nature). In this article, we are exploring modified exosomes (biological or chemical) that create a remarkable outcome in cancer therapeutic development compared to engineered cell‐based therapeutics. Hope, in the future, modified exosomes become an effective, affordable, and specific cancer‐targeting precision medicine.
Exosomes are a sub-population of extracellular vesicles. It is released from all types of cells and are observed to be involved in cellular communications. It contains DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. ...Tumor-derived exosomes can modify the tumor micro-environment and promote tumor development. Exosomal miRNAs are functionally linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and aggressive tumor phenotypes. In this review, we initially discuss on the fundamental biology of exosomes and then summarize the recent understanding of the exosomal miRNAs in oral cancer with various biological events. Moreover, the dynamic impact of exosomal miRNAs in the oral cancer micro-environment and their multiple parameter alterations can lead to (i) increased uncontrolled cell proliferation, (ii) oral cancer angiogenesis, (iii) oral cancer metastasis, (iv) drug resistance in oral cancer, (v) reprogramming of the immune system in oral cancer, and (vi) clinical significance of exosomal miRNA in oral cancer detection. Exosomes research can pave way to identify early detection tools in future and personalized medicine development for oral cancer. Thus, our review provides an informative biological insight into exosomal miRNAs in oral cancer, which can benefit the researchers working in the corresponding domain.
For nearly a century developmental biologists have recognized that cells from embryos can differ in their potential to differentiate into distinct cell types. Recently, it has been recognized that ...embryonic stem cells derived from both mice and humans exhibit two stable yet epigenetically distinct states of pluripotency: naive and primed. We now show that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and the metabolic state regulate pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Specifically, in naive hESCs, NNMT and its enzymatic product 1-methylnicotinamide are highly upregulated, and NNMT is required for low S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) levels and the H3K27me3 repressive state. NNMT consumes SAM in naive cells, making it unavailable for histone methylation that represses Wnt and activates the HIF pathway in primed hESCs. These data support the hypothesis that the metabolome regulates the epigenetic landscape of the earliest steps in human development.
EVs classified some significant subclasses such as macrovesicle (originated from plasma membrane), apoptotic bodies (originated from the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum), and exosomes ...(originated from endosomes).1 The theranostic signature of exosomes in cancer healing is impressive, but its heterogeneity leads most complicated domain of research. ...we comment on decoding exosome heterogeneity for future efficiency and effective cancer theranostics development. Exosomes play an important role in accelerated tumor growth, immune cell reprogramming,2 angiogenesis,3 extracellular matrix remodelling,4,5 metastasis,4,5 epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),4,5 organ-specific metastasis,5,6 drug resistance and cancer stem cell development.3,4 Clinically aspect, the exosome is the source of the cancer biomarkers.7-9 Exosome heterogeneity1 is evolving into a major conflict in cancer biomarker and therapeutic research.10 The exosome heterogeneity (Figure 1) is based on several facts such as origin, size, quantity, and internal molecular diversity.1 Exosome size distribution is the most complicated side of tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs). Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (it is sensitive to the detection of rear mutations in tumor-derived exosomes),1 microfluidic technology combined with a chip system, and an electrochemical principle-based micro RNA profiling of exosomes explain the cancer complication of a new dimension.1 The downstream process of exosome profiling needs a muti-omics approach for proper molecular diversity to understand.1 The single cells exosome profiling approach combines with machine learning for more precision cancer marker development.14 All these technological advancements support constructing the next-generation promising cancer theranostic era based on exosomes.15,16 Finally, decoding exosome heterogeneity opens a new door for exosome-based precision medicine17 and vaccines18 for cancer.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an innovative orientation of next‐generation cancer medicine. In EVs, the exosome is the most exciting domain associated with cancer research current decade.Exosomes ...have both cancer progression related and cancer healing capabilities depending on the source. It develops a new platform for cancer personalized and precision medicine visionary project to come to reality.
Exosome‐based cancer therapy. This article will enlighten readers about exosomes and cancer a complex interrelation and exosome‐based cancer personalized and precision medicine.
Background
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant oral cavity neoplasm that affects many people, especially in developing countries. Despite several advances that have been made in ...diagnosis and treatment, the morbidity and mortality rates due to OSCC remain high. Accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant activation of cellular signaling pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog pathways, occurs during the development and metastasis of OSCC. In this review, we have articulated the roles of the Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways in OSCC and their crosstalk during tumor development and progression. We have also examined possible interactions and associations between these pathways and treatment regimens that could be employed to effectively tackle OSCC and/or prevent its recurrence.
Conclusions
Activation of the Notch signaling pathway upregulates the expression of several genes, including c-Myc, β-catenin, NF-κB and Shh. Associations between the Notch signaling pathway and other pathways have been shown to enhance OSCC tumor aggressiveness. Crosstalk between these pathways supports the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and regulates OSCC cell motility. Thus, application of compounds that block these pathways may be a valid strategy to treat OSCC. Such compounds have already been employed in other types of cancer and could be repurposed for OSCC.
•Cancer has become a common deadly disease which evades the organs by gaining EMT property.•Epigenetic alterations are proved to be the major reason for this spread.•Understanding the aberrations in ...epigenetic molecules are indispensable to study the mechanism behind carcinogenesis.•EZH2, a catalytic subunit of PRC2 is a vital entity implicated in human cancers. There are many studies showing the adverse effects of EZH2 promoting cancer.•JARID2, a crucial molecule shows critical behaviour in cancer which is not fully understood. Studies report the oncogenic character of JARID2 in certain cancer whereas tumor suppressor role in others. Its interaction with other genes has to be uncovered to comprehend its mechanism.•This review focuses the role of these molecules in cancer.
Cancer has become a prominent cause of death, accounting for approximately 10 million deaths worldwide as per the World Health Organization report 2020. Epigenetics deal with the alterations of heritable phenotypes, except for DNA alterations. Currently, we are trying to comprehend the role of utmost significant epigenetic genes involved in the burgeoning of human cancer. A sundry of studies have reported the Enhancer of Zeste Homologue2 (EZH2) as a prime catalytic subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex2, which is involved in several pivotal activities, including embryogenesis. In addition, EZH2 has detrimental effects leading to the onset and metastasis of several cancers. Jumonji AT Rich Interacting Domain2 (JARID2), an undebated crucial nuclear factor, has strong coordination with the PRC2 family. In this review, we discuss various epigenetic entities, primarily focusing on the possible role and mechanism of EZH2 and the significant contribution of JARID2 in human cancers.
Exosome DNA: An untold story of cancer Bhattacharya, Bikramjit; Dhar, Rajib; Mukherjee, Sayantanee ...
Clinical and translational discovery,
August 2023, 2023-08-00, 20230801, 2023-08-01, Letnik:
3, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Exosome is nanosized tiny membrane‐bound vesicles and is a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In general, it participates in intercellular communication and acts as a messenger of several ...pathological complications. Exosome and cancer interlink is the most exciting domain of current cancer research. The internal molecular cargos (proteins, lipids, metabolites, miRNA, and DNA) of tumor derived exosomes (TEXs) are capable of transforming normal cells into tumor phenotypes. Exosome DNA is the less explored area of EVs research. It is involved in several events in cancer progression such as uncontrol cell growth, reprogramming of immune cells, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Exo‐DNA is also involved in epigenetic alteration, which promotes cancer. It has a great impact on cancer theranostics (biomarker and therapeutics) research. Exo‐DNA‐based cancer examination supports more detailed cancer research.
Theranostics clinical signature of ExoDNA in cancer.
PDF
