Aegilops umbellulata acc. 3732, an excellent source of resistance to major wheat diseases, was used for transferring leaf rust and stripe rust resistance to cultivated wheat. An amphiploid between ...Ae. umbellulata acc. 3732 and Triticum durum cv. WH890 was crossed with cv. Chinese Spring Ph I to induce homoeologous pairing between Ae. umbellulata and wheat chromosomes. The F₁ was crossed to the susceptible Triticum aestivum cv. 'WL711' and leaf rust and stripe rust resistant plants were selected among the backcross progenies. Homozygous lines were selected and screened against six Puccinia triticina and four Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes at the seedling stage and a mixture of prevalent pathotypes of both rust pathogens at the adult plant stage. Genomic in situ hybridization in some of the selected introgression lines detected two lines with complete Ae. umbellulata chromosomes. Depending on the rust reactions and allelism tests, the introgression lines could be classified into two groups, comprising of lines with seedling leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 and with new seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes. Inheritance studies detected an additional adult plant leaf rust resistance gene in one of the introgression lines. A minimum of three putatively new genes--two for leaf rust resistance (LrU1 and LrU2) and one for stripe rust resistance (YrU1) have been introgressed into wheat from Ae. umbellulata. Two lines with no apparent linkage drag have been identified. These lines could serve as sources of resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in breeding programs.
A 45-year-old female, post menopausal, presented with extensive bilateral radiological opacities in the lungs. Diagnosis of hydatid diseases was confirmed through open lung biopsy. Treatment with ...albendazole showed striking improvement in clinical symptoms as well as clearing of radiological shadows.
The effects of dietary calcium intake and physical activity on longitudinal changes in BMD over a mean of 9.4 years were examined in 62 healthy young women. Proximal femur BMD declined, lumbar spine ...BMD increased, and physical activity was associated with BMD change at intertrochanter and total hip sites.
Introduction: Maximizing premenopausal BMD is an important strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis and resultant fractures later in life.
Materials and Methods: Young women who previously participated in a placebo‐controlled 2‐year calcium intervention study at a mean age of 18.5 ± 0.3 years were remeasured at 27.8 ± 1.0 years of age. DXA (Hologic QDR 1000W) was used to measure changes in BMD, and lifestyle factors were ascertained by questionnaire.
Results and Conclusions: Early decline in BMD at the neck of femur (−3.3%/decade) and the converse gain in BMD at the lumbar spine (+4.3%/decade) and intertrochanter (+1.9%/decade) suggest site‐specific changes in BMD in young premenopausal women. No effect of previous calcium supplementation was seen on current BMD or changes in BMD (p > 0.10). Lifestyle predictors of change in BMD were determined using hierarchical regression analysis after forced correction for the covariates baseline BMD and previous calcium supplementation. Physical activity was positively associated with change in BMD at total hip and intertrochanter sites (β‐coefficients, β = 0.26 and 0.26 respectively; p < 0.05). Calcium intake was negatively associated with change in BMD at the lumbar spine (β = −0.27, p < 0.05). Parity was negatively associated with change in BMD at all sites (β = −0.40 to −0.26, p < 0.05). These data show that BMD is already declining at the proximal femur in these healthy young women. Physical activity assists in maintenance of BMD at some sites and thus may contribute to lifelong fracture prevention. There was no positive association between calcium intake and change in BMD.
In bread wheat, the transfer of tolerance to preharvest sprouting (PHS) that is associated with genotypes having red kernel colour to genotypes with amber kernels is difficult using conventional ...methods of plant breeding. The study here was undertaken to identify DNA markers linked with tolerance to PHS as these would allow indirect marker-assisted selection of PHS-tolerant genotypes with amber kernels. For this purpose, a set of 100 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed using a cross between a PHS-tolerant genotype, SPR8198, with red kernels and a PHS-susceptible cultivar, 'HD2329', with white kernels. The two parents were analysed with 232 STMS (sequence-tagged microsatellite site) and 138 STS (sequence-tagged site) primer pairs. A total of 300(167 STMSs and 133 STSs) primer pairs proved functional by giving scorable PCR products. Of these, 57 (34%) STMS and 30 (23%) STS primer pairs detected reproducible polymorphism between the parent genotypes. Using these primer pairs, we carried out bulked segregant analysis on two bulked DNAs, one obtained by pooling DNA from 5 PHS-tolerant RILs and the other similarly derived by pooling DNA from 5 PHS-susceptible RILs. Two molecular markers, 1 STMS primer pair for the locus wmc104 and a STS primer pair for the locus MST101, showed apparent linkage with tolerance to PHS. This was confirmed following selective genotyping of individual RILs included in the bulks. Chi-square contingency tests for independence were conducted on the cosegregation data collected on 100 RILs involving each of the two molecular markers (wmc104 and MST101) and PHS. The tests revealed a strong association between each of the markers and tolerance to PHS. Using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, we were able to assign wmc104 and MST101 to chromosomes 6B and 7D, respectively. The results also indicated that the tolerance to PHS in SPR8198 is perhaps governed by two genes (linked with two molecular markers) exhibiting complementary interaction.
Little attention has been given to the retroverted dens within the existing medical literature. However, this finding can have a clinical impact, especially in patients with Chiari malformation type ...I (CM1), as it can have consequences for further treatment.
Using standard search engines, we performed a literature review of anatomical, radiologic, and clinical studies as well as pathologic and surgical considerations related to the retroverted dens. Key words for our search included retroverted dens; retroflexed dens; odontoid retroflexion; posterior inclination; and tilted dens.
A retroverted dens is most commonly found in the pediatric population in relation to CM1. Research has demonstrated that high degree of dens angulation can result in significant anterior brain stem compression with the need for both anterior and posterior decompression in patients with symptomatic CM1.
A greater degree of dens angulation can lead to neurologic symptoms secondary to spinomedullary compression. Therefore, correct measurements are essential as such findings can influence presurgical planning.
To derive macronutrient recommendations for remission and prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Asian Indians using a data-driven optimization approach.
Dietary, behavioral, and demographic ...assessments were performed on 18,090 adults participating in the nationally representative, population-based Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Fasting and 2-h postglucose challenge capillary blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were estimated. With HbA1c as the outcome, a linear regression model was first obtained for various glycemic categories: newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD), prediabetes (PD), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Macronutrient recommendations were formulated as a constrained quadratic programming problem (QPP) to compute optimal macronutrient compositions that would reduce the sum of the difference between the estimated HbA1c from the linear regression model and the targets for remission (6.4% for NDD and 5.6% for PD) and prevention of progression in T2D in PD and NGT groups.
Four macronutrient recommendations (%E- Energy) emerged for 1) diabetes remission in NDD: carbohydrate, 49-54%; protein, 19-20%; and fat, 21-26%; 2) PD remission to NGT: carbohydrate, 50-56%; protein,18-20%; fat, 21-27%; 3 and 4) prevention of progression to T2D in PD and NGT: carbohydrate, 54-57% and 56-60%; protein, 16-20% and 14-17%, respectively; and fat 20-24% for PD and NGT.
We recommend reduction in carbohydrates (%E) and an increase in protein (%E) for both T2D remission and for prevention of progression to T2D in PD and NGT groups. Our results underline the need for new dietary guidelines that recommend appropriate changes in macronutrient composition for reducing the burden due to diabetes in South Asia.
Posterior mediastinal goiters are very rare and occur mostly due to descent of a posterolaterally enlarging inferior pole of the thyroid gland, or very infrequently to failure of fusion of the ...ultimobranchial bodies with the isthmus in the 7th embryonic week. Most patients present with a cervical mass and symptoms due to compression or distortion of the trachea, esophagus, or superior vena cava. The diagnosis is established by chest skiagram, computed tomography scan, and barium esophagogram. Progressive enlargement, risk of sudden hemorrhage within the gland causing respiratory impairment, and the possibility of associated malignancy, make excision of the goiter mandatory. A combined cervicothoracic approach is the procedure of choice as it provides easy access and visualization, better control of blood vessels, and avoids the risk of perioperative tumor seeding. We present our experience of 3 such cases successfully managed at our institute. All 3 patients presented with a cervical mass and symptoms of posterior mediastinal compression; one had thyrotoxicosis. A combined cervicothoracic approach was used for surgical excision with excellent results.
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