Abstract
Background
Cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (ALS-CSF) induces neurodegenerative changes in motor neurons and gliosis in sporadic ALS models. Search for ...identification of toxic factor(s) in CSF revealed an enhancement in the level and enzyme activity of chitotriosidase (CHIT-1). Here, we have investigated its upregulation in a large cohort of samples and more importantly its role in ALS pathogenesis in a rat model.
Methods
CHIT-1 level in CSF samples from ALS (
n
= 158), non-ALS (
n
= 12) and normal (
n
= 48) subjects were measured using ELISA. Enzyme activity was also assessed (ALS,
n
= 56; non-ALS,
n
= 10 and normal-CSF,
n
= 45). Recombinant CHIT-1 was intrathecally injected into Wistar rat neonates. Lumbar spinal cord sections were stained for Iba1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and choline acetyl transferase to identify microglia, astrocytes and motor neurons respectively after 48 h of injection. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were measured by ELISA.
Findings
CHIT-1 level in ALS-CSF samples was increased by 20-fold and it can distinguish ALS patients with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 83.3% at a cut off level of 1405.43 pg/ml. Enzyme activity of CHIT-1 was also 15-fold higher in ALS-CSF and has a sensitivity of 80.4% and specificity of 80% at cut off value of 0.1077989 μmol/μl/min. Combining CHIT-1 level and activity together gave a positive predictive value of 97.78% and negative predictive value of 100%. Administration of CHIT-1 increased microglial numbers and astrogliosis in the ventral horn with a concomitant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Amoeboid-shaped microglial and astroglial cells were also present around the central canal. CHIT-1 administration also resulted in the reduction of motor neurons.
Conclusions
CHIT-1, an early diagnostic biomarker of sporadic ALS, activates glia priming them to attain a toxic phenotype resulting in neuroinflammation leading to motor neuronal death.
Background
We here report the demographic and clinical profile of the patients enrolled in the Indian Council of Medical Research funded Registry of people with diabetes in India with young age at ...onset (YDR) from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2011.
Methods
The YDR registry recruits all diabetes cases (newly diagnosed or treated) reporting on or after 1 January 2000 with age of diagnosis ≤25 years, and residing within the assigned geographical area of the reporting centres. A baseline proforma was used to obtain information on demographic and clinical details at registration.
Results
The registry has enrolled 5546 patients (49.5% male; 50.5% female) with youth onset diabetes from 205 reporting centres linked to 8 regional collaborating centres (RCC) across India. T1DM (63.9%; n = 3545) and T2DM (25.3%; n = 1401) were the commonest variants of youth onset diabetes, though their relative proportion varied across RCCs. The mean (SD) age at diagnosis for T1DM was 12.9 (6.5) years, while that for T2DM was 21.7 (3.7) years. Nearly half the T1DM patients were registered within 6 months of the onset of disease. Most cases of T2DM (47.3%) were registered after 3 years from their date of diagnosis. 56.1% of patients had at least one episode of hospitalization at registration.
Conclusion
The observations from YDR registry indicate the need to establish a surveillance system in India to monitor diabetes in youth, not only to understand its complex etiology and natural history but also due to its detrimental socio economic impact.
To assess the effect of migration (rural-to-urban and vice versa) on prevalence of diabetes and metabolic disorders in Asian Indians participating in the Indian Council of Medical Research-India ...Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study.
The ICMR–INDIAB study is a national study on diabetes and associated cardiometabolic disorders in individuals aged ≥20 years from 28 states and 2 union territories of India. Individuals who moved to a different place from their place of birth and had resided in the new location for at least one year were considered as migrants. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure estimation and a capillary oral glucose tolerance test were performed.
Of the 113,043 participants, 66.4% were non-migrant rural dwellers, 19.4% non-migrant urban dwellers, 8.4% rural-urban migrants, 3.8% multiple migrants and 2.0% urban-rural migrants. Weighted prevalence of diabetes was highest in rural-urban migrants followed by urban dwellers, urban-rural migrants and rural dwellers 14.7%, 13.2%, 12.7% and 7.7% respectively (p < 0.001). Rural-urban migrants had highest prevalence of abdominal obesity (50.5%) compared to the other three groups. The risk for diabetes was 1.9 times higher in rural-urban migrants than among rural dwellers. Five risk factors hypertension, abdominal and generalized obesity, physical inactivity and low fruit and vegetable intake together explained 69.8% (partial population attributable risk) of diabetes among rural-urban migrants and 66.4% among non-migrant urban dwellers.
Rural-to-urban migration is associated with increased risk of developing diabetes and other cardiometabolic abnormalities. Adoption of healthier lifestyle patterns among migrants could help prevent/delay onset of these abnormalities in this population.
•Increased rural-urban migration in India during the last decade may increase the risk of diabetes,obesity, and hypertension.•Prevalence/risk of diabetes, obesity and hypertension are higher in non-migrant urban dwellers and rural-urban migrants.•Prevention programmes emphasizing healthy lifestyle for those living in the urban settings are the need of the hour!
Lung cancer is one of the common cancers globally with high mortality and poor prognosis. Most cases of lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to limited diagnostic resources. Screening ...modalities, such as sputum cytology and annual chest radiographs, have not proved sensitive enough to impact mortality. In recent years, annual low-dose computed tomography has emerged as a potential screening tool for early lung cancer detection, but it may not be a feasible option for developing countries. In this context, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis has been evaluated recently as a noninvasive tool for lung cancer diagnosis. The breath biomarkers also have the advantage of differentiating various types and stages of lung cancer. Recent studies have focused more on microRNAs (miRNAs) as they play a key role in tumourigenesis by regulating the cell cycle, metastasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we have consolidated the current published literature suggesting the utility of miRNAs in EBC for the detection of lung cancer.
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) one of the recyclable thermoplastics having insulating properties is being widely used as a 3D-printed substrate for Bluetooth sensing devices. But hitherto ...little has been reported on the 4D capabilities of 3D-printed recyclable ABS substrate-based sensors. This study reports the rheological (melt flow), mechanical (tensile), morphological (surface hardness, roughness (Ra), porosity, etc.), 3D printability, and radio frequency (RF) characteristics of primary recycled ABS substrate. Further, the 3D-printed ABS substrate samples were exposed to two different stimuli (chemical and thermal) for 10 cycles/stages to ascertain the effect on RF characteristics for ensuring 4D capabilities. The 3D-printed Bluetooth sensor has been designed for 2.45 GHz. The simulated results of the 3D-printed prototypes were verified experimentally using a vector network analyzer (VNA), which shows the appreciable response with a minimal frequency shift, thus ensuring the applicability of such sensors for Bluetooth applications. The percentage variation in the dielectric constant has been recorded to a maximum of 8% (in stage 9) and a minimum of 2% (in stage 6). Also, the dissipation factor of the substrate has been recorded to remain constant (~0.0045) indicating a factor of repeatability and hence the usability of such materials for 4D printing applications. Morphological analysis on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the Ra of the 3D-printed ABS substrate was significantly improved (50-19 nm), hence ensuring better performance of the fabricated sensors.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is one of the established thermoplastics for bio-sensing applications, and several studies have been reported on the use of this material as tactile sensors. But ...hitherto little has been reported on 3D printing of primary (1°) recycled PVDF-based sensors in lower C-band applications (for miniaturization, flexibility, and wearability features). This study reports the 3D printing of 1° recycled PVDF-based flexible and wearable miniaturized sensors for lower C-band applications. The 1° recycled PVDF substrate (for the sensor) was 3D printed by using fused filament fabrication. The ring resonator technique and transmission line method were used to ascertain the dielectric constant (3.3) and loss tangent (~ 0.003) of the substrate. The prepared sensor has a return loss of ≈ − 20 dB at 4.1 GHz and shows good conformability for bending up to 70 mm replicating the human body part. The specific absorption rate was recorded to be 0.6W/kg. Further, the negligible variation in S-parameter during the in vitro testing validates the adopted method and supports the use of miniaturized sensors for lower C-band applications.
Previous studies have not adequately captured the heterogeneous nature of the diabetes epidemic in India. The aim of the ongoing national Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes study is to ...estimate the national prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in India by estimating the prevalence by state.
We used a stratified multistage design to obtain a community-based sample of 57 117 individuals aged 20 years or older. The sample population represented 14 of India's 28 states (eight from the mainland and six from the northeast of the country) and one union territory. States were sampled in a phased manner: phase I included Tamil Nadu, Chandigarh, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra, sampled between Nov 17, 2008, and April 16, 2010; phase II included Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Punjab, sampled between Sept 24, 2012, and July 26, 2013; and the northeastern phase included Assam, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya, with sampling done between Jan 5, 2012, and July 3, 2015. Capillary oral glucose tolerance tests were used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes in accordance with WHO criteria. Our methods did not allow us to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in different states was assessed in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) of individuals and the per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) of each state. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to examine the association of various factors with the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes.
The overall prevalence of diabetes in all 15 states of India was 7·3% (95% CI 7·0-7·5). The prevalence of diabetes varied from 4·3% in Bihar (95% CI 3·7-5·0) to 10·0% (8·7-11·2) in Punjab and was higher in urban areas (11·2%, 10·6-11·8) than in rural areas (5·2%, 4·9-5·4; p<0·0001) and higher in mainland states (8·3%, 7·9-8·7) than in the northeast (5·9%, 5·5-6·2; p<0·0001). Overall, 1862 (47·3%) of 3938 individuals identified as having diabetes had not been diagnosed previously. States with higher per-capita GDP seemed to have a higher prevalence of diabetes (eg, Chandigarh, which had the highest GDP of US$ 3433, had the highest prevalence of 13·6%, 12.8-15·2). In rural areas of all states, diabetes was more prevalent in individuals of higher SES. However, in urban areas of some of the more affluent states (Chandigarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu), diabetes prevalence was higher in people with lower SES. The overall prevalence of prediabetes in all 15 states was 10·3% (10·0-10·6). The prevalence of prediabetes varied from 6·0% (5·1-6·8) in Mizoram to 14·7% (13·6-15·9) in Tripura, and the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was generally higher than the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance. Age, male sex, obesity, hypertension, and family history of diabetes were independent risk factors for diabetes in both urban and rural areas.
There are large differences in diabetes prevalence between states in India. Our results show evidence of an epidemiological transition, with a higher prevalence of diabetes in low SES groups in the urban areas of the more economically developed states. The spread of diabetes to economically disadvantaged sections of society is a matter of great concern, warranting urgent preventive measures.
Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
Alcohol & cancer: Evidence to action Mehrotra, Ravi; Kapahtia, Siddharth; Kaur, Tanvir ...
Indian journal of medical research (New Delhi, India : 1994),
02/2022, Letnik:
155, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The 3D-printed MPA of 1° recycled PVDF and ABS provides an option to develop greener sensors for various engineering applications. But hitherto little has been reported on the comparison of ...3D-printed 1° recycled ABS and PVDF-based sensors for body-centric utility in the vicinity of 2.45 GHz. This study highlights the comparative analysis of 1° recycled ABS and PVDF sensors (based on mechanical, piezoelectric, and RF characterization). The study suggests that 1° recycled PVDF (having εr 2 and tan δ 0.005)-based sensors have multiband resonance at 2.45 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.5 GHz with appreciable return loss as compared to ABS (εr 3 and tan δ 0.001). For body-centric utility (wearability in terms of SAR value (0.22 W/kg for PVDF and 0.642 W/kg for ABS at 2.45 GHz) and flexibility), 1° recycled PVDF sensor was observed better than 1° recycled ABS. Overall due to better piezoelectric (d33 0.5 pC/N), mechanical (MOT 18.30 MPa), and RF characteristics, 1° recycled PVDF-based sensors may be considered a better solution for flexible and pressure-sensitive body-centric applications.
The primary (1°) recycled polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been widely explored for various sensing applications. But yet little has been testified on the 3D printing of 1° recycled PVDF-based ...flexible and wearable passive sensors for body-centric communication (BCC). This study presents the fabrication of 1° recycled PVDF-based flexible and wearable sensors prepared by fused filament fabrication for BCC. For the fabrication of 3D printed passive sensors, slots, and defected ground structure was prepared for miniaturization. The results suggest that 84.88% miniaturization in the area was achieved at 2.45 GHz for Bluetooth communication with a frequency shift of 51%. The simulated reflection coefficient (
S
11
) was observed in agreement with the experimental data. Further, the validation shows that the proposed sensor may be used for bending radius up to 50 mm representing the built-up of a human wrist. Finally, the specific absorption rate of 0.898 W/kg ensures that the sensor may be deployed in BCC.
PDF
