▶ Ample variability for Fe, Zn, Ca, protein contents and agronomic traits. ▶ Identified promising accessions for high Fe, Zn, Ca and protein and grain yield. ▶ Identified diverse grain ...nutrient-specific accessions to study inheritance. ▶ Contrasting accessions to map nutrient traits. ▶ Diverse accessions to breed broad based nutrient-rich high yielding cultivars.
Finger millet is a promising source of micronutrients and protein besides energy and can contribute to the alleviation of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and protein malnutrition affecting women and preschool children in African and south-east Asian countries. The most cost effective approach for mitigating micronutrient and protein malnutrition is to introduce staple crop cultivars selected and/or bred for Fe, Zn and protein dense grain. Breeding finger millet for enhanced grain nutrients is still in its infancy. Analysis, detection and exploitation of the existing variability among the germplasm accessions are the initial steps in breeding micronutrient and protein-dense finger millet cultivars. Evaluation of finger millet core collection for grain nutrients and agronomic traits revealed a substantial genetic variability for grain Fe, Zn, calcium (Ca) and protein contents. The accessions rich in nutrient contents were identified and their agronomic diversity assessed. The accessions rich in Zn content have significantly higher grain yield potential than those rich in Fe and protein content. Grain nutrient-specific accessions and those contrasting for nutrient contents were identified for use in the strategic research and cultivar development in finger millet.
•A new Dominance Square (DS) logic for solar PV array reconfiguration is proposed.•Successful reconfiguration via DS method is made and also found effective to maximize power under shade ...conditions.•On performing simulations, DS method is recognized to have less mismatch loss with high fill factor.•Seven different shade patterns are comprehensively analyzed and compared with proposed DS method.
Shade conditions in PV array invoke multiple power peaks in power-voltage characteristics and as a consequence, mismatch and power loss occur. To attenuate the shade effect, various researches worldwide have been actively engaged to dynamically reconfigure the PV array via different interconnection schemes. In this paper, a new puzzle based reconfiguration scheme is proposed and tested with 5 × 5 PV array. Following physical relocation scheme, the proposed dominance square method configures the PV modules of conventional Total Cross Tied (TCT) interconnection. Thus, row and column wise rearrangement helps to attain uniform row current difference with the method. To test the validity of the proposed scheme, seven shade patterns are critically evaluated. Response for every shade pattern is analyzed with the help of I-V, P-V characteristics and their corresponding losses are evaluated. Moreover, income generated and energy saving analysis for the method is also carried out.
•A new Competence Square (CS) technique is presented for PV Array Reconfiguration.•Challenges to attain maximum power in PV systems are discussed.•Comparative analysis between various reconfiguration ...techniques is elucidated.•Energy saving and income generation analysis are also outlined for assessment.
The ever growing interest on solar energy has augmented large solar power parks in the contemporary time. Even though the most commonly used Total Cross Tie (TCT) interconnection scheme minimizes mismatch losses, shade occurrence in large PV arrays drastically reduces the power output and invokes multiple power peaks in the P-V characteristics. To counteract the multiple peak issue, PV arrays are reconfigured either via electrical or physical reconfiguration techniques. In this regard, physical relocation methods are proven to be efficient and economical in achieving better shade dispersion since, it neither demands complex switching arrangements or high end controllers for reconfiguration. Therefore, this paper introduces an innovative Competence Square (CS) technique for physical rearrangement of PV panels in a TCT interconnection scheme. The method devised is a onetime relocation technique that follows a unique number pattern for relocating the PV panels. Moreover, various test results elucidate the effectiveness of the CS technique in effectively dispersing the shade over the entire PV array. For validation, four typical shade cases are considered and the results are comprehensively compared with the recently proved TCT and Dominance Square (DS) techniques. In addition, the proposed method is computationally easy and is adaptable for PV arrays of any size. Overall, CS technique has showed its eminence in obtaining smoother output characteristics, better fill factor, power enhancement and increased energy savings.
Waste generation regionalization delineates areas of similar types of wastes, quantity of waste, and activities generating wastes provide a basis for systematic solid waste management. Advances in ...Geographical Information System and big data analysis approaches, provide new opportunities for regionalization, especially in terms of solid waste generation patterns through various activities. Here, we show that solid waste generation dynamics can be captured by Dynamics of activities and we conduct a regionalization based on the dynamics of household activities, commercial activities, market, and institutional activities using GIS mapping in the study area- Cochin. The objective of the study is to know the quantity of waste, to identify the waste generation activities, and to form clusters. The clusters based on household, commercial, household and commercials, market and commercials explained more variance and greater within-region homogeneity, compared to conventional regionalization for large quantities of wastes irrespective of types of activities generating waste. These results suggest that solid waste generation regionalization based on GIS mapping have clear advantages over conventional regionalization for certain applications, and they are also more easily updated.
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•The electrode exhibits remarkable analytical performance for Cd2+ and Pb2+ in SWASV.•The modified electrode exhibits good selectivity, stability and ...reproducibility.•GO/κ-Car/l-Cys/GC has the ability to detect multiple metal ions.•The GO/κ-Car/l-Cys modified electrode is suitable for real sample analysis.
Simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was achieved by using graphene oxide/κ-carrageenan/l-cysteine (GO/κ-Car/l-Cys) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). The morphology and functionalization of the prepared nanocomposite were characterized by XRD analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy and FTIR analysis. Under optimum conditions, outstanding linearity was obtained for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the range from 5 to 50nM with the detection limits as 0.58nM and 1.08nM respectively. The sensitivity calculated from the slope of calibration curve was 1.39μA/nM and 1.32μA/nM for Cd2+ and Pb2+ respectively. We also carried out multiple metal ion detection, interference of anions and surfactants for the detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. The modified electrode has been applied to the detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ present in water and milk samples, and the accessed results were satisfactory with that of AAS.
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•The electrode exhibits remarkable analytical performance for Cd2+ by SWASV.•The modified electrode exhibits good selectivity, stability and reproducibility.•The rGO/CMC/GSH/GC ...modified electrode is suitable for real sample analysis.
The present work describes the electrochemical detection of Cd2+ using reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and glutathione (GSH) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), RAMAN, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of experimental parameters such as effect of pH, choice of supporting electrolyte, deposition time and deposition potential, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear relationship between the current intensity and Cd2+ concentration (2–20 nM) was I (μA) = −6.78 (c/nM) + 4.547 (R2 = 0.996). The detection limit and sensitivity achieved for the modified electrode were 0.05 nM and 4.5 μA/nM respectively. Finally, rGO/CMC/GSH/GCE was successfully demonstrated for the detection of Cd2+ in real samples, and the results were compared with AAS analysis.
In this study, we developed a novel composite material containing biological macromolecules like heparin and chitosan coated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for the modification of glassy carbon ...electrode (hep/CS-rGO/GC). It can be applied for the sensitive electrochemical detection of Pb2+ by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The physicochemical analysis such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM and Raman spectroscopy techniques revealed that an effective functionalization occurred at the rGO surface. The consequence of deposition and stripping of metal ions by various electrochemical parameters such as supporting electrolytes, pH value, deposition potential, and deposition time were carefully studied and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear calibration curve was calculated to be from 1.125 to 8.25μgL−1 for Pb2+ with the correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9988. The detection limit and sensitivity achieved for the modified electrode were 0.03μgL−1 and 1.34μA/nM respectively. Furthermore, the electrochemical investigation indicates that the hep/CS-rGO composite electrode exhibits high selectivity, strong adherence to the electrode surface, good stability and reproducibility towards the detection of Pb2+. Finally, hep/CS-rGO/GC electrode was assessed by the quantity of Pb2+ present in the practical samples, and the determined results were consistent with that of AAS.
In big data and machine learning, energy analytics has shown rapid development in the past decade. With this development in energy analytics, the energy data has exponentially increased well in ...different areas and domains. Energy computing techniques have been used in various domains, particularly in energy data to handle the data analysis process. This paper focuses on explaining the concept and evolution of various research questions formulation, data extraction, quality valuation, search strategy, study selection and reporting the results in energy‐oriented domains to evaluate energy‐computing techniques. The thermal power plant, power system and smart grid datasets were highly used out of plenty of other datasets discussed and the ANN algorithm is most commonly used to classify the dataset. Different sets of algorithms are used for data analysis, classification, converting structured data to unstructured data, regression, visualization, and forecasting. Journal publications from the year 2012 to 2020 have reviewed and adopted a systematic approach to identify the findings of all relevant research methodologies in the defined research domain.
In the present work, rare earth element cerium doped zinc oxide and reduced graphene oxide containing nanocomposite (Ce-ZnO/rGO) modified glassy carbon electrode has been constructed for the ...determination of carbamazepine. The surface morphologies of the nanocomposite were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrum techniques. The electrochemical properties are evaluated by the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode exhibited an excellent electrooxidation response towards the detection of carbamazepine at a lower oxidation potential (0.72 V). Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current of carbamazepine showed a linear relationship with concentration over the range from 0.05 to 100 μM with detection limit 1.2 nM. The sensitivity was found to be 0.086 μA nM−1 cm−2. Furthermore the modified electrode displayed good reproducibility (RSD = 0.34%) and long-term stability (97.4%), as well as high selectivity. Finally, the proposed electrode was successfully applied to the direct determination of carbamazepine in practical samples (pharmaceutical tablet and urine sample) using standard addition method and gave satisfactory results (>98.7%).
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•Ce-ZnO/rGO was successfully prepared by low temperature hydrothermal method.•Ce-ZnO/rGO modified GCE exhibited fast electrooxidation response towards CBZ.•Its oxidation potential (0.72 V) much that of other reported values•The modified GC has excellent anti-interferance ability against coexisting species.•Ce-ZnO:rGO modified electrode is suitable for real sample analysis.
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