This paper began as a lecture to an extramural weekend course on the Greek Dark Age, organized in Oxford by the Department of External Studies in December 1983. It was intended to suggest that the ...world of the Homeric poems, insofar as it had any relationship with reality, was more likely to reflect the conditions of the Dark Age than those of Mycenaean Greece, and it was born of increasing frustration at the dominance of what I will call the ‘Mycenaean’ interpretation of Homer, particularly at the popular level. The recent BBC series In Search of the Trojan War has done nothing to lessen this dominance – indeed, it barely suggested that such an interpretation had been seriously challenged – and the theme of the lecture has therefore lost none of its relevance. In presenting a considerably revised version here, I have not attempted to offer an exhaustively argued and documented discussion, which would require a book, and must refer the reader to more extensive treatments of the topic for fuller details. Rather, I have decided to leave it as a rather provocative exposition of a case which deserves to be made. I have made some attempt to step outside the framework in which the discussion has often been conducted, which to my mind unduly favours the ‘Mycenaean’ interpretation, but readily acknowledge that many of my arguments have been presented in similar form by others, and that some have been admitted to have force by those who in general support the ‘Mycenaean’ interpretation. Given the quantity of writing on the topic, it is only too likely that I have neglected some discussions, and I have given references mainly to Homeric sources and to recent archaeological finds of relevance. Finally, I should make it clear that it is not my primary purpose to discuss the historicity of the Trojan War or of the Greek heroic legends generally, though this has often been made to depend on the supposedly Mycenaean content of the Homeric poems, at least in part.
An examination of the sensitivity of Comprehensive Employment & Training Act (CETA) net impact estimates to alternative methodological procedures seeking to reconcile the diverse findings from ...various CETA studies that are based on the same data sets. Estimated net impacts are quite sensitive to whether individuals without recent labor market attachment are included in the comparison group & to how close to the date of enrollment one measures preprogram earnings. Also, impact estimates are quite sensitive to the choice of estimation models & to assumptions about the period in which the decision to enroll in CETA is made. However, net impact estimates are robust to the matching technique used. The wide diversity of CETA net impact estimates reported in the literature can be explained by differences in the methodological procedures used. 4 Tables, 14 References. HA
Inhibition of tumour growth and angiogenesis by targeting key growth factor receptors is a promising therapeutic strategy for central nervous system tumours. Characterization of these growth factor ...receptors in canine primary brain tumours has not been done. Using quantitative real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we evaluated the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for five tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, endothelial growth factor receptor EGFR-1, platelet-derived growth factor receptor a PDGFRa, and c-Met) relative to normal cerebral cortex in 66 spontaneous canine primary brain tumours. Increased expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 mRNA was greatest in grade IV astrocytomas (glioblastoma multiforme) and grade III (anaplastic) oligodendrogliomas. EGFR-1 mRNA expression was more consistently increased than the other receptors in all tumour types, while increased PDGFRa mRNA expression was mostly restricted to oligodendrogliomas. The similarities in increased expression of these tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors in these canine tumours, as compared to data from their human counterparts, suggest that common molecular mechanisms may be present.
Design characteristics (area of bonding, mesh size, and type) and bond strength of fourteen commercial direct-bonding metal bases with commercially attached brackets were evaluated. Tensile bond ...strength was measured with two direct-bonding adhesives, using plastic and natural teeth as substrates. Statistically significant differences in bond strength were observed among the bases, but bond strength was independent of nominal area and mesh size of the bases. Bond failures occurred most frequently at the base-adhesive interface of the metal bases. Damage caused by spot-welding of brackets to bases was implicated as a factor affecting bond strength.
A randomized, prospective, multicenter trial of the effects of cimetidine on benign gastric ulcer was conducted in 60 outpatients. Endoscopic assessment was used as the criterion for healing. ...Although none of the differences was statistically significant, mean healing rates were higher and mean decreases in ulcer size were greater with cimetidine than they were with placebo. Twenty-four per cent of the ulcers healed completely in 2 weeks when cimetidine was administered, compared with a placebo healing rate of 14 percent. At 6 weeks in the incidence of healing increased to 60 percent in the cimetidine group and 41 percent in the placebo group. The mean percentage of decrease in ulcer size was greater at both 2 and 6 weeks in the cimetidine group than it was in the placebo group. In both, the cimetidine and placebo groups, relatively liberal intake of a potent antacids in treatment of gastric ulcers has not been defined definitively. Thus, a possible beneficial effect of cimetidine may have been obscured. For more clear discimination between the effects of cimetidine and placebo in healing of gastric ulcer, studies utilizing either no antacid or antacids of low neutralizing capacity will be needed.
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