It is of considerable scientific, medical, and societal interest to understand the developmental origins of differences between male and female brains. Here we report the use of advances in MR ...imaging and analysis to accurately measure global, lobe and millimetre scale growth trajectory patterns over 18 gestational weeks in normal pregnancies with repeated measures. Statistical modelling of absolute growth trajectories revealed underlying differences in many measures, potentially reflecting overall body size differences. However, models of relative growth accounting for global measures revealed a complex temporal form, with strikingly similar cortical development in males and females at lobe scales. In contrast, local cortical growth patterns and larger scale white matter volume and surface measures differed significantly between male and female. Many proportional differences were maintained during neurogenesis and over 18 weeks of growth. These indicate sex related sculpting of neuroanatomy begins early in development, before cortical folding, potentially influencing postnatal development.
Placental and periplacental bleeding are common etiologies for antepartum bleeding. Placental abruption complicates approximately 1% of pregnancies and is associated with increased maternal, fetal, ...and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the normal placental appearance on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and then discusses the different morphological appearance of placental and periplacental hematomas along with their mimics. Hematomas are classified based on the location as retroplacental, marginal subchorionic, preplacental (subamniotic), or intraplacental. Placenta-related bleeding is a common finding during first trimester ultrasound and its detection can help triage the pregnant females into low- and high-risk groups. This article reviews placenta related bleeding in the setting of trauma. Trauma can complicate pregnancy with potential severe maternal and fetal outcomes. CT is usually performed as part of the trauma workup and it can be challenging for placental evaluation. MRI can characterize the age of the hematomas and can differentiate hematomas from tumors.
The objective of this article is to introduce the reader to the principles and applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
Although a great deal about HIFU physics is understood, its ...clinical applications are currently limited, and multiple trials are underway worldwide to determine its efficacy.
We describe the development of fetal brain lesions after Zika virus (ZIKV) inoculation in a pregnant pigtail macaque. Periventricular lesions developed within 10 d and evolved asymmetrically in the ...occipital-parietal lobes. Fetal autopsy revealed ZIKV in the brain and significant cerebral white matter hypoplasia, periventricular white matter gliosis, and axonal and ependymal injury. Our observation of ZIKV-associated fetal brain lesions in a nonhuman primate provides a model for therapeutic evaluation.
MR Imaging of Abnormal Placentation Dighe, Manjiri
Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America,
08/2017, Letnik:
25, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) encompasses a spectrum of conditions characterized by abnormal adherence of the placenta to the implantation site. Classification of MAP is based on the degree of ...trophoblastic invasion through myometrium and uterine serosa and includes accrete, when the villi are attached to the myometrium but do not invade the muscle; increta, when the placenta invades partially through the myometrium; and percreta, when it invades up to and beyond the uterine serosa. Knowledge of the common findings of MAP on MR imaging is important to be able to provide an accurate diagnosis.
Background:
Palliative care is an essential element of universal health coverage. However, palliative care services, particularly pediatric palliative care (PPC) services, are still inadequately ...developed in many countries, not least members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). Advocating for palliative care services requires data-driven estimates of the number of patients needing these services.
Objective:
To estimate the number of children living with life-threatening illnesses in the GCC countries requiring specialist and/or generalist palliative care service provision.
Method:
Descriptive analysis of published cross-sectional epidemiological data. Subjects were from general and age-specific populations from individual GCC countries. The quantitative data on child population and mortality were collected from 2019 primary and secondary data sources. The need for PPC was estimated using mortality, incidence, and prevalence data from the Institute for Health Metrics and the Global Cancer Observatory.
Results:
Our conservative analysis revealed that just under 22,000 children needed PPC in GCC countries in 2019, a minimum of 17.5 for every 10,000 children.
Discussion:
There is a significant need for PPC services, suggesting that the medical needs of the pediatric population are currently not being fully met. Nationwide PPC services are essential to improve the quality of life of thousands of children in GCC countries by changing policies, professional education, and providing funding to palliative programs. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the clear and urgent need for the development of PPC services in the GCC countries.
Severe obstetric hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Major hemorrhage in the antepartum period presents potential risks for both the mother and the fetus. ...Similarly, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) accounts for up to a quarter of maternal deaths worldwide. Potential causes of severe antepartum hemorrhage that radiologists should be familiar with include placental abruption, placenta previa, placenta accreta spectrum disorders, and vasa previa. Common causes of PPH that the authors discuss include uterine atony, puerperal genital hematomas, uterine rupture and dehiscence, retained products of conception, and vascular anomalies. Bleeding complications unique to or most frequently encountered after cesarean delivery are also enumerated, including entities such as bladder flap hematomas, rectus sheath and subfascial hemorrhage, and infectious complications of endometritis and uterine dehiscence.
RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. See the invited commentary by Javitt and Madrazo in this issue.
Congenital lung abnormalities are being detected more frequently at routine high-resolution prenatal ultrasonography. The most commonly encountered anomalies include lung agenesis-hypoplasia complex ...(pulmonary underdevelopment), congenital pulmonary airway malformations, congenital lobar overinflation, bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cysts, congenital high airway obstruction syndrome, scimitar syndrome, and bronchopulmonary sequestration. Recognizing the antenatal and postnatal imaging features of these abnormalities is necessary for optimal prenatal counseling and appropriate peri- and postnatal management. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.306105508/-/DC1.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver Gaddikeri, Santhosh; McNeeley, Michael F; Wang, Carolyn L ...
American journal of roentgenology (1976),
07/2014, Letnik:
203, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) that arise in noncirrhotic livers have several histologic and biochemical features that distinguish them from HCCs occurring in the setting of cirrhosis. Because the ...presentation, management, and prognosis of these entities are distinct, the accurate preoperative characterization of these lesions is of great clinical significance. We review the pathogenesis, imaging appearance, and clinical implications of noncirrhotic HCCs as they pertain to the clinical radiologist.
HCCs that develop in noncirrhotic patients have distinct etiologic, cytogenetic, histopathologic, and clinical features. Despite a larger tumor burden at the time of HCC diagnosis, noncirrhotic patients with HCC have better overall survival and disease-free survival than cirrhotic patients with HCC. Knowledge of the precise clinical and imaging features of this entity and of other diagnostic considerations for the noncirrhotic liver is essential for improved patient care.
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