1. Nest construction and paternity assurance are predicted to favour biparental care in insects. The horned passalus (
O
dontotaenius disjunctus
) is a socially monogamous beetle with biparental care ...that breeds in decaying logs. The genetic mating system of the horned passalus was investigated to determine if paternity assurance is likely to drive the evolution or maintenance of paternal care in this system. Parental time budgets were also examined to better understand the types and frequencies of behaviours performed by parents.
2. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing revealed high levels of extra‐pair paternity, with 54.8% of offspring sired by extra‐pair males and 70% of nests containing extra‐pair young.
3. More heterozygous social males were cuckolded less than more homozygous social males. Extra‐pair mating, however, seems unlikely to increase offspring genetic diversity as extra‐pair offspring were not more heterozygous than within‐pair offspring, and average brood heterozygosity did not increase with higher rates of extra‐pair paternity.
4. Behavioural observations demonstrated that parents spent on average 46.5% of their time processing the decaying wood resource for larval offspring. Because resource processing is a by‐product of feeding and provides shareable benefits for all larvae in the brood, this form of paternal care could be favoured despite low paternity.
Lifetime genetic monogamy, by increasing sibling relatedness, has been proposed as an important causal factor in the evolution of altruism. Monogamy, however, could influence the subsequent evolution ...of cooperation in other ways. We present several alternative, non-mutually exclusive, evolutionary processes that could explain the correlated evolution of monogamy and cooperation. Our analysis of these possibilities reveals that many ecological or social factors can affect all three variables of Hamilton's Rule simultaneously, thus calling for a more holistic, systems-level approach to studying the evolution of social traits. This perspective reveals novel dimensions to coevolutionary relationships and provides solutions for assigning causality in complex cases of correlated social trait evolution, such as the sequential evolution of monogamy and cooperation.
Monogamy and cooperation tend to correlate in evolutionary time. Although traditionally attributed to increased sibling relatedness, a variety of factors could cause this correlation.
Monogamy and cooperation are favored by the same selective pressures and could be indirectly linked in certain environments.
Adaptations resulting from antecedent monogamy could create selective pressure for the subsequent evolution of cooperation. Ancestral adaptations to social monogamy could also provide variation in social traits that could be co-opted for cooperative traits, further contributing to the monogamy–cooperation correlation.
Coevolutionary dynamics between mating systems and social systems could yield correlations among terms in Hamilton's Rule, complicating the assignment of causality to any one term in the evolution of cooperation.
A holistic, systems-level approach is essential for understanding the correlated evolution of complicated behavioral traits, such as monogamy and cooperation.
Evolutionary path analyses should yield tractable methodological solutions for testing causality in complex evolutionary relationships such as that between monogamy and cooperation.
Sociality has independently arisen in several wood-dwelling insect lineages, yet little is understood about how the properties of decaying logs have favored the evolution of cooperative social ...groups. Here we evaluate the current literature on wood-dwelling social insects to identify the structural, nutritional, and microbial properties of decaying logs that have led to the repeated evolution of social behavior. Wood-tissue is structural resilient, and thus provided an enclosed, defensible nest site for early wood-feeding insect groups. This structural stability enabled the long-term persistence of family groups, and was likely a key feature in the transition toward more complex eusocial societies. The resilient structure and relatively poor nutritional quality of wood also likely provided a stable environment for the evolution of complex mutualisms with prokaryote and fungal symbionts to digest this resource. Parental care likely evolved as a means to protect the valuable nest site and ensure adequate nutrition for offspring in this environment by allowing parents to both provision and transfer microbial symbionts to offspring. Pathogenic microbes are also abundant in nests constructed in wood-tissue, and social adaptations such as allogrooming and nest maintenance may have evolved in response to microbial invaders. In general, the dynamic relationships between insects, microbes, and the wood-tissue that they inhabit was a critical component in the evolution of sociality in this habitat.
The walking whales Thewissen, J. G. M; Dillard, Jacqueline
2014., 20141113, 2014, 2014-11-13
eBook
Hans Thewissen, a leading researcher in the field of whale paleontology and anatomy, gives a sweeping first-person account of the discoveries that brought to light the early fossil record of whales. ...As evidenced in the record, whales evolved from herbivorous forest-dwelling ancestors that resembled tiny deer to carnivorous monsters stalking lakes and rivers and to serpentlike denizens of the coast. Thewissen reports on his discoveries in the wilds of India and Pakistan, weaving a narrative that reveals the day-to-day adventures of fossil collection, enriching it with local flavors from South Asian culture and society. The reader senses the excitement of the digs as well as the rigors faced by scientific researchers, for whom each new insight gives rise to even more questions, and for whom at times the logistics of just staying alive may trump all science. In his search for an understanding of how modern whales live their lives, Thewissen also journeys to Japan and Alaska to study whales and wild dolphins. He finds answers to his questions about fossils by studying the anatomy of otters and porpoises and examining whale embryos under the microscope. In the book's final chapter, Thewissen argues for approaching whale evolution with the most powerful tools we have and for combining all the fields of science in pursuit of knowledge.
Family-living has been recognized as a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of advanced cooperative societies, yet the evolutionary and ecological processes that drive the coupling of different ...forms of cooperation in family-based societies are still poorly understood. In my dissertation, I investigate the correlated evolution of parental care, monogamy, and cooperative breeding in a variety of family-based taxa. I explore the mating and social behavior of family-living beetles with incipient cooperation to better understand the factors driving these social traits. Specifically, I evaluate different causes of extra-pair mating in socially monogamous beetles, the potential benefits that young adult offspring may gain from remaining in the family group, and how these behaviors correspond to different ecological niches. These studies demonstrated that many of the factors predicted to favor family-living in cooperatively breeding animals fail to explain delayed dispersal and family cohesion in this beetle group. In a phylogenetic comparative study of birds, I further evaluate how ecological selective pressures drive the correlated evolution of monogamy, biparental cooperation, and cooperative breeding. Taken together, these studies have implications for our general understanding of the evolution of cooperation, and suggest the action of previously unrecognized processes in shaping and pairing social behaviors.
Breast cancer is a major cause of death among black women. At Cook County Hospital in Chicago, a hospital serving a predominantly black population, only 31% of breast cancers were localized at the ...time of diagnosis in the years 1980–1983. A survey of patient records in the largest primary care clinic in the hospital revealed that only 2% of eligible patients had received mammograms in 1982. A nurse‐run breast cancer detection program was begun in mid‐1983. Since that time the proportion of women who have received periodic breast examinations has increased from 26% to 46% (P < 0.001) and periodic mammograms have increased from 2% to 41% (P < 0.001). The proportion of women having received breast self‐examination teaching increased from 10% to 58% (P < 0.001). The proportion of localized breast cancer was significantly greater for those women whose cancer was diagnosed through the screening program (44 of 72, 61%) compared to other clinical areas (71 of 213, 33%) in the years 1984 through 1986 (P < 0.001). There has been a significant increase in the percentage of localized breast cancer at Cook County Hospital comparing 1980–1983 statistics (31%), before the Breast Cancer Detection Program was fully established, with 1984–1986 statistics (40%) (P < 0.02).
Hearing loss (HL) is common among middle-age and older adults, but hearing aid adoption is low. The purpose of this study was to measure the 10-year incidence of hearing aid adoption in a sample of ...primarily middle-age adults with high-frequency HL and identify factors associated with hearing aid adoption.
This study included 579 adults (ages 34-80 years) with high-frequency pure-tone average > 25 dB HL (3-8 kHz) enrolled in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Hearing aid adoption was measured at 5- and 10-year follow-up examinations. Cox discrete-time proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors associated with hearing aid adoption (presented as hazards ratios HRs and 95% confidence intervals 95% CI).
The 10-year cumulative incidence of hearing aid adoption was 14 per 1,000 person years. Factors significantly associated with adoption in a multivariable model were higher education (vs. 16+ years; 0-12: HR: 0.36, 95% CI 0.19, 0.69; 13-15: HR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.27, 0.98), worse high-frequency pure-tone average (per +1 dB; HR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.06), self-reported hearing handicap (screening versions of the Hearing Handicap Inventory score > 8; HR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.02, 3.38), answering yes to "Do friends and relatives think you have a hearing problem?" (HR: 3.18, 95% CI 1.60, 6.33) and using closed captions (HR: 2.86, 95% CI 1.08, 7.57). Effects of age and sex were not significant.
Hearing aid adoption rates were low. Hearing sensitivity, socioeconomic status, and measures of the impact of HL on daily life were associated with adoption. Provider awareness of associated factors can contribute to timely and appropriate intervention.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
9.
Authors’ Response Cardel, Michelle I.; Newsome, Faith A.; Pearl, Rebecca L. ...
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,
03/2023, Letnik:
123, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Authors' Response Cardel, Michelle I; Newsome, Faith A; Pearl, Rebecca L ...
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,
03/2023, Letnik:
123, Številka:
3
Journal Article
PDF
