The present article considers the opportunities provided by the commercial banks to the agricultural producers while funding them and becoming their active partners. In order to achieve this ...objective of theirs, the banks elaborate specialized credit products with which to support the development of farms and farmers. Their strategy for agriculture crediting is a part of the common credit strategy, and an important part of this strategy is to alleviate the access of farms and farmers to bank loans.
The present article presents some of the aspects inherent to lease as an alternative method for funding farmers when it comes to finance lease. As a matter of fact, this type of lease is profitable ...in agriculture when it comes to delivering and using high-tech fixed assets.
ABSTRACT
We report the results of decade-long (2008–2018) γ-ray to 1 GHz radio monitoring of the blazar 3C 279, including GASP/WEBT, Fermi and Swift data, as well as polarimetric and spectroscopic ...data. The X-ray and γ-ray light curves correlate well, with no delay $\gtrsim 3$ h, implying general cospatiality of the emission regions. The γ-ray–optical flux–flux relation changes with activity state, ranging from a linear to a more complex dependence. The behaviour of the Stokes parameters at optical and radio wavelengths, including 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array images, supports either a predominantly helical magnetic field or motion of the radiating plasma along a spiral path. Apparent speeds of emission knots range from 10 to 37c, with the highest values requiring bulk Lorentz factors close to those needed to explain γ-ray variability on very short time-scales. The Mg ii emission line flux in the ‘blue’ and ‘red’ wings correlates with the optical synchrotron continuum flux density, possibly providing a variable source of seed photons for inverse Compton scattering. In the radio bands, we find progressive delays of the most prominent light-curve maxima with decreasing frequency, as expected from the frequency dependence of the τ = 1 surface of synchrotron self-absorption. The global maximum in the 86 GHz light curve becomes less prominent at lower frequencies, while a local maximum, appearing in 2014, strengthens toward decreasing frequencies, becoming pronounced at ∼5 GHz. These tendencies suggest different Doppler boosting of stratified radio-emitting zones in the jet.
Background We sought to examine the effect of different conduits on the progression of atherosclerosis in previously revascularized coronary territories. Methods Between 1995 and 2010, 4,960 patients ...were discharged alive after primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with a left internal thoracic artery (LITA) conduit and additional conduits as needed: radial artery (RA) or saphenous vein graft (SVG), or both. Seven hundred seventy-two patients had coronary angiography for recurrent symptoms an average of 5.5 ± 3.5 years after CABG (range, 0.1–16 years). Cumulative graft patency and disease progression in the native vessels was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier survival method. The log-rank test was used to assess differences of disease progression per territory between different types of conduits. Results Kaplan-Meier–estimated 1-, 5-, and 10-year overall disease progression in territories with patent LITAs was 0.01%, 4%, and 8%, respectively; with patent RA grafts, it was 0.01%, 6%, and 11%, respectively (log-rank test, p = 0.157); and with patent SVGs it was 3%, 19%, and 43%, respectively (log-rank test; p < 0.0001). Disease progression in grafted native coronary arteries in the anterior territory with patent LITA-to–left anterior descending (LAD) artery was 8%, and with patent RA grafts versus patent SVGs to the diagonal branches of LAD artery was 10% and 40%, respectively (log-rank test; p < 0.0001). Disease progression in grafted native coronary arteries to the lateral territory with a patent RA graft was 11% versus 50% with a patent SVG (log-rank test; p < 0.0001). Conclusions RA and LITA grafting has a strong protective effect against progression of native coronary artery disease in previously grafted vessels. Multiple arterial grafting may improve long-term survival by preventing progression of atherosclerosis in the native coronary vessels.
Background It is not clear whether radial artery (RA), right internal thoracic artery (RITA), or saphenous vein (SV) is the preferred second bypass graft during coronary artery bypass graft surgery ...using the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) in patients aged less or greater than 70 years. Methods Late survival data were collected for 13,324 consecutive, isolated, primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients from three hospitals. Cox regression analysis was performed on all patients grouped by age. Results Adjusted Cox regression showed overall better RA versus SV survival (hazard ratio HR 0.82, p < 0.001) and no difference in RITA versus SV survival (HR 0.95, p = 0.35). However, the survival benefit of RA versus SV was seen only in patients aged less than 70 years (HR 0.77, p < 0.001); and RITA patients aged less than 70 years also had a survival benefit compared with SV (HR 0.86, p = 0.03). There was no difference in survival for RA versus RITA across all ages. Conclusions For patients aged less than 70 years, the optimal grafting strategy is using either RA or RITA as the second preferred graft. In patients aged 70 years or more, RA and RITA grafting should be used selectively. Multiple arterial grafting using either RA or RITA should be more widely utilized during coronary artery bypass graft surgery for patients less than 70 years of age.
There is conflicting literature evidence regarding the independent effects of insulin resistance and concomitant hyperinsulinemia on bone mineral density. In addition, it is still under debate ...whether the net effect is favorable or unfavorable for the fracture risk. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study.
Objective We sought to determine if the radial artery (RA) or the free right internal thoracic artery (RITA) is the better conduit to bypass the circumflex coronary artery during coronary artery ...bypass grafting (CABG) using the left internal thoracic artery (LITA). Methods Propensity matching was performed on 2488 CABG-LITA patients from 2 affiliated centers, resulting in 528 pairs who received either a RA at one center or a free RITA at the other center to bypass the circumflex coronary artery from 1995 to 2009. Results Kaplan Meier estimated 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 99%, 95%, 85%, and 76% for RA patients, respectively, and 97%, 92%, 80%, and 71% for RITA patients, respectively ( P = .060). Major adverse events (MAEs) were fewer in the RA group (7.6% vs 14.0%; P = .001) and use of the RA was a significant predictor of reduced MAEs (odds ratio OR, 0.48; P = .002) in all patients and especially in diabetic (OR, 0.32; P = .003), older (OR, 0.40; P = .009), obese (OR, 0.15; P < .001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR, 0.05; P = .016) patients. However, survival was better with RA only in COPD (hazard ratio, 0.49; P = .045) and older (hazard ratio, 0.71; P = .050) patients. Overall RA patency (83.9%) was similar to RITA patency (87.4%) at a mean of 5.1 ± 3.8 years ( P = .155). Conclusions Long-term survival is similar in CABG-LITA patients using either a RA or free RITA graft to bypass the circumflex coronary artery. RA grafting has fewer MAEs, a similar patency to RITA, and improves survival in older and COPD patients. The choice of the second arterial conduit should be guided by patient profiles and surgeon preferences.
THE PERDIGÃO Fernando, H. J. S.; Mann, J.; Palma, J. M. L. M. ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
05/2019, Letnik:
100, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A grand challenge from the wind energy industry is to provide reliable forecasts on mountain winds several hours in advance at microscale (∼100 m) resolution. This requires better microscale ...wind-energy physics included in forecasting tools, for which field observations are imperative. While mesoscale (∼1 km) measurements abound, microscale processes are not monitored in practice nor do plentiful measurements exist at this scale. After a decade of preparation, a group of European and U.S. collaborators conducted a field campaign during 1 May–15 June 2017 in Vale Cobrão in central Portugal to delve into microscale processes in complex terrain. This valley is nestled within a parallel double ridge near the town of Perdigão with dominant wind climatology normal to the ridges, offering a nominally simple yet natural setting for fundamental studies. The dense instrument ensemble deployed covered a ∼4 km × 4 km swath horizontally and ∼10 km vertically, with measurement resolutions of tens of meters and seconds. Meteorological data were collected continuously, capturing multiscale flow interactions from synoptic to microscales, diurnal variability, thermal circulation, turbine wake and acoustics, waves, and turbulence. Particularly noteworthy are the extensiveness of the instrument array, space–time scales covered, use of leading-edge multiple-lidar technology alongside conventional tower and remote sensors, fruitful cross-Atlantic partnership, and adaptive management of the campaign. Preliminary data analysis uncovered interesting new phenomena. All data are being archived for public use.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background The second best conduit for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is unclear. We sought to determine if the use of a second arterial conduit, the radial artery (RA), would improve ...long-term survival after CABG using the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and saphenous vein (SV). Methods We compared the 14-year outcomes in propensity-matched patients undergoing isolated, primary CABG using the LITA, RA, and SV versus CABG using the LITA and only SV. In all, 826 patients from each group had similar propensity-matched demographics and multiple variables. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality obtained using the Social Security Death Index. Results Perioperative outcomes including in hospital mortality (0.1% for the RA patients and 0.2% for the SV patients) were similar. Kaplan-Meier survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 98.3%, 93.9%, and 83.1% for the RA group versus 97.2%, 88.7%, and 74.3% for the SV group (log rank, p = 0.0011). Cox proportional hazards models showed a lower all-cause mortality in the RA group (hazard ratio 0.72, confidence interval: 0.56 to 0.92, p = 0.0084). Ten-year survivals showed a 52% increased mortality for the SV patients (25.7%) versus the RA patients (16.9%; p = 0.0011). For symptomatic patients, RA patency was 80.7%, which was not different than the LITA patency rate of 86.4% but was superior to the SV patency rate of 46.7% ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Using the LITA, SV, and a RA conduit for CABG results in significantly improved long-term survival compared with using the LITA and SV. The use of two arterial conduits offers a clear and lasting survival advantage, likely due to the improved patency of RA grafts. We conclude that RA conduits should be more widely utilized during CABG.
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