Optical theranostic nanoagents that seamlessly and synergistically integrate light-generated signals with photothermal or photodynamic therapy can provide opportunities for cost-effective precision ...medicine, while the potential for clinical translation requires them to have good biocompatibility and high imaging/therapy performance. We herein report an intraparticle molecular orbital engineering approach to simultaneously enhance photoacoustic brightness and photothermal therapy efficacy of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) for in vivo imaging and treatment of cancer. The theranostic SPNs have a binary optical component nanostructure, wherein a near-infrared absorbing semiconducting polymer and an ultrasmall carbon dot (fullerene) interact with each other to induce photoinduced electron transfer upon light irradiation. Such an intraparticle optoelectronic interaction augments heat generation and consequently enhances the photoacoustic signal and maximum photothermal temperature of SPNs by 2.6- and 1.3-fold, respectively. With the use of the amplified SPN as the theranostic nanoagent, it permits enhanced photoacoustic imaging and photothermal ablation of tumor in living mice. Our study thus not only introduces a category of purely organic optical theranostics but also highlights a molecular guideline to amplify the effectiveness of light-intensive imaging and therapeutic nanosystems.
With the shale gas revolution and the maturity of new energy technologies, the global oil-based energy pattern began to be remodeled worldwide. From the perspective of China, coal has played a ...dominant leading role in the energy structure. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly irrational to replace fossil fuels with oil. This paper considers the impact of fluctuations of three fossil energy (oil, coal and natural gas) prices on new energy companies stock prices to meet the needs of policy makers and investors in this rapidly developing field. Due to the incomplete substitution among fossil fuels, this paper uses the Divisia price synthesis method to synthesize these three prices into a composite price index. Furthermore, we use a variable vector autoregressive model to explore dynamic relationships among stock prices of new energy companies and technology companies, fossil energy prices and carbon futures prices. The results reveal that previous stock prices of new energy companies had the most significant impact on the current level. However, fossil energy prices account for only a small part of stock price fluctuations of new energy companies.
•Synthesizing prices of coal, oil and natural gas into a Divisia price index.•Exploring impacts of fossil energy price changes on new energy stock prices.•Historical stock prices of new energy company have the most significant impact on the current level.•Technology stock prices have a greater impact on new energy stock prices than fossil energy prices.
Bacterial infection is one of the most serious physiological conditions threatening human health. There is an increasing demand for more effective bacterial diagnosis and treatment through ...noninvasive theranostic approaches. Herein, a new strategy is reported to achieve in vivo metabolic labeling of bacteria through the use of MIL‐100 (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) as the nanocarrier for precise delivery of 3‐azido‐d‐alanine (d‐AzAla). After intravenous injection, MIL‐100 (Fe) NPs can accumulate preferentially and degrade rapidly within the high H2O2 inflammatory environment, releasing d‐AzAla in the process. d‐AzAla is selectively integrated into the cell walls of bacteria, which is confirmed by fluorescence signals from clickable DBCO‐Cy5. Ultrasmall photosensitizer NPs with aggregation‐induced emission characteristics are subsequently designed to react with the modified bacteria through in vivo click chemistry. Through photodynamic therapy, the amount of bacteria on the infected tissue can be significantly reduced. Overall, this study demonstrates the advantages of metal–organic‐framework‐assisted bacteria metabolic labeling strategy for precise bacterial detection and therapy guided by fluorescence imaging.
A novel strategy for in vivo bacterial metabolic labeling and precise antibacterial therapy is developed based on the combination of a metal–organic framework (MOF) as a carrier for amino acid delivery and photosensitizers with aggregation‐induced emission characteristics for imaging and therapy. The formulated MOF‐assisted strategy represents a promising alternative to antibiotics in image‐guided antibacterial therapy.
J-aggregation is an efficient strategy for the development of fluorescent imaging agents in the second near-infrared window. However, the design of the second near-infrared fluorescent J-aggregates ...is challenging due to the lack of suitable J-aggregation dyes. Herein, we report meso-2.2paracyclophanyl-3,5-bis-N,N-dimethylaminostyrl BODIPY (PCP-BDP2) as an example of BODIPY dye with J-aggregation induced the second near-infrared fluorescence. PCP-BDP2 shows an emission maximum at 1010 nm in the J-aggregation state. Mechanism studies reveal that the steric and conjugation effect of the PCP group on the BODIPY play key roles in the J-aggregation behavior and photophysical properties tuning. Notably, PCP-BDP2 J-aggregates can be utilized for lymph node imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery in the nude mouse, which demonstrates their potential clinical application. This study demonstrates BODIPY dye as an alternate J-aggregation platform for developing the second near-infrared imaging agents.
Planar donor and acceptor (D–A) conjugated structures are generally believed to be the standard for architecting highly efficient photothermal theranostic agents, in order to restrict intramolecular ...motions in aggregates (nanoparticles). However, other channels of extra nonradiative decay may be blocked. Now this challenge is addressed by proposing an “abnormal” strategy based on molecular motion in aggregates. Molecular rotors and bulky alkyl chains are grafted to the central D–A core to lower intermolecular interaction. The enhanced molecular motion favors the formation of a dark twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, whose nonradiative decay enhances the photothermal properties. Result shows that small-molecule NIRb14 with long alkyl chains branched at the second carbon exhibits enhanced photothermal properties compared with NIRb6, with short branched chains, and much higher than NIR6, with short linear chains, and the commercial gold nanorods. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that NIRb14 nanoparticles can be used as nanoagents for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Moreover, charge reversal poly(β-amino ester) makes NIRb14 specifically accumulate at tumor sites. This study thus provides an excited molecular motion approach toward efficient phototheranostic agents.
A multifunctional theranostic platform based on conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with tumor targeting, fluorescence detection, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) is ...developed for effective cancer imaging and therapy. Two conjugated polymers, poly9,9‐bis(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)‐ethyl)fluorenyldivinylene‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole) with bright red emission and photosensitizing ability and poly(4,4,9,9‐tetrakis(4‐(octyloxy)phenyl)‐4,9‐dihydro‐s‐indacenol‐dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt‐co‐4,9‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐6,7‐bis(4‐(hexyloxy)phenyl)‐thiadiazolo‐quinoxaline with strong near‐infrared absorption and excellent photothermal conversion ability are co‐loaded into one single CPN via encapsulation approach using lipid‐polyethylene glycol as the matrix. The obtained co‐loaded CPNs show sizes of around 30 nm with a high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 60.4% and an effective photothermal conversion efficiency of 47.6%. The CPN surface is further decorated with anti‐HER2 affibody, which bestows the resultant anti‐HER2‐CPNs superior selectivity toward tumor cells with HER2 overexpression both in vitro and in vivo. Under light irradiation, the PDT and PTT show synergistic therapeutic efficacy, which provides new opportunities for the development of multifunctional biocompatible organic materials in cancer therapy.
Multifunctional conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) are developed for image‐guided phototherapy. With bright red fluorescence, efficient singlet oxygen generation, and excellent photothermal conversion abilities, the affibody decorated CPNs show excellent tumor targeting and synergistic therapeutic efficacy through the corporation of photodynamic and photothermal therapy both in vitro and in vivo.
Organic near-infrared room temperature phosphorescence materials have unparalleled advantages in bioimaging due to their excellent penetrability. However, limited by the energy gap law, the ...near-infrared phosphorescence materials (>650 nm) are very rare, moreover, the phosphorescence lifetimes of these materials are very short. In this work, we have obtained organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with long wavelengths (600/657-681/732 nm) and long lifetimes (102-324 ms) for the first time through the guest-host doped strategy. The guest molecule has sufficient conjugation to reduce the lowest triplet energy level and the host assists the guest in exciton transfer and inhibits the non-radiative transition of guest excitons. These materials exhibit good tissue penetration in bioimaging. Thanks to the characteristic of long lifetime and long wavelength emissive phosphorescence materials, the tumor imaging in living mice with a signal to background ratio value as high as 43 is successfully realized. This work provides a practical solution for the construction of organic phosphorescence materials with both long wavelengths and long lifetimes.
Pure organic persistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (p‐RTP) under ambient conditions is attractive but challenging due to the slow intersystem crossing process and susceptibility of triplet ...excitons. Fabrication of pure organic RTP luminogens with simultaneously high efficiency and ultralong lifetime still remains a daunting job, owing to their conflicting requirements for the T1 nature of (n,π*) and (π,π*) characteristics, respectively. Herein, a group of amide‐based derivatives with efficient p‐RTP is developed through the incorporation of spin–orbital‐coupling‐promoting groups of carbonyl and aromatic π units, giving impressive p‐RTP with lifetime and efficiency of up to 710.6 ms and 10.2%, respectively. Furthermore, two of the luminogens demonstrate intense p‐RTP after vigorous mechanical stimulation, indicating their robust nature, which is rarely encountered. Efficient and robust p‐RTP even in the amorphous state endows them promising potential for encryption and bioimaging with facile fabrication processes. A bioimaging study with live mice indicates that such highly robust p‐RTP is tremendously beneficial for in vivo afterglow imaging with an ultrahigh signal‐to‐background ratio of 428. These results strongly imply the possibility of realizing efficient and robust p‐RTP from pure organics even without meticulous protection, thus paving the way to their promising and versatile applications.
Persistent, efficient, and robust room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is achieved in a series of amide‐based carbazole derivatives through the incorporation of spin–orbital‐coupling‐promoting groups of carbonyl and aromatic π units. Two of the compounds remain p‐RTP even upon heavy grinding, indicative of their robust nature. These characteristics render them promising for versatile applications in anticounterfeiting, encryption, and bioimaging.
The rapid development of healthcare techniques encourages the emergence of new molecular imaging agents and modalities. Fluorescence imaging that enables precise monitoring and detection of ...biological processes/diseases is extensively investigated as this imaging technique has strengths in terms of high sensitivity, excellent temporal resolution, low cost, and good safety. Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have recently emerged as a new class of emitters that possess several notable features, such as high brightness, large Stokes shift, marked photostability, good biocompatibility, and so on. So far, AIEgens are widely explored and exhibit superb performance in the area of biomedicine and life sciences. Herein, this review summarizes and discusses the recent investigations of AIEgens for in vivo diagnosis and therapy including long‐term tracking, 3D angiography, multimodality imaging, disease theranostics, and activatable sensing. Collectively, these results reveal that AIEgens are of great promise for in vivo biomedical applications. It is hoped that this review will lead to new insights into the development of advanced healthcare materials.
Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) hold great promise for biomedical utilizations. Herein, the recent investigations of AIEgens for in vivo diagnosis and therapy are reviewed and summarized including long‐term tracking, 3D angiography, multimodality imaging, disease theranostics, and activatable sensing. The perspectives for future development of AIE probes for biomedical applications are also highlighted.
Chemo-photothermal nanotheranostics has the advantage of synergistic therapeutic effect, providing opportunities for optimized cancer therapy. However, current chemo-photothermal nanotheranostic ...systems generally comprise more than three components, encountering the potential issues of unstable nanostructures and unexpected conflicts in optical and biophysical properties among different components. We herein synthesize an amphiphilic semiconducting polymer (PEG-PCB) and utilize it as a multifunctional nanocarrier to simplify chemo-photothermal nanotheranostics. PEG-PCB has a semiconducting backbone that not only serves as the diagnostic component for near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, but also acts as the therapeutic agent for photothermal therapy. In addition, the hydrophobic backbone of PEG-PCB provides strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions with the aromatic anticancer drug such as doxorubicin for drug encapsulation and delivery. Such a trifunctionality of PEG-PCB eventually results in a greatly simplified nanotheranostic system with only two components but multimodal imaging and therapeutic capacities, permitting effective NIR fluorescence/PA imaging guided chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer in living mice. Our study thus provides a molecular engineering approach to integrate essential properties into one polymer for multimodal nanotheranostics.
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