A
bstract
We study scalar Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions (NSI) induced by moduli or flavon exchange between electrons and neutrinos. In a region with non-vanishing electron number density, they ...are known to determine a shift of the neutrino mass matrix. We review and extend the relevant formalism, and we update the existing limits on electron and neutrino scalar couplings. We explore the observability of scalar NSI in models of lepton masses based on flavour symmetries. We analyze models where the scalar couplings are constrained either by abelian symmetries or by modular invariance. We highlight regions of the parameter space where observable effects can occur.
The electrode/electrolyte interface plays a critical role in stabilizing the cycling performance and prolonging the service life of rechargeable batteries to meet the sustainable energy requirements ...of the mobile society. The understanding of interfaces is still at the preliminary stage due to the limited research techniques and variable properties with time and potential. Herein, the latest developments focused on the interfaces in rechargeable systems including the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are reviewed. The possible formation mechanisms of the electrode/electrolyte interface are discussed, followed by the introduction of two key influencing factors, specific adsorption and solvated coordinate structure, which will dominate the formation of the interface. Finally, the structure and chemical composition of the interface as well as the possible transport mechanism of lithium ions in the interface and the strategies to regulate the pathway through the interface are presented in detail. This work sheds light on the fundamental understanding of the interface and provides rational scientific principles in designing the electrode/electrolyte interface and inspires the rational design of long‐term cycling rechargeable batteries.
The electrode/electrolyte interface plays a critical role in stabilizing the cycling performance and prolonging the service life of rechargeable batteries. This work discusses the formation mechanism of the interface and summarizes the progress in the structure/composition modulation of the interface toward advanced battery systems.
Lithium (Li) metal anodes hold great promise for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries, while the insufficient fundamental understanding of the complex solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is ...the major obstacle for the full demonstration of their potential in working batteries. The characteristics of SEI highly depend on the inner solvation structure of lithium ions (Li+). Herein, we clarify the critical significance of cosolvent properties on both Li+ solvation structure and the SEI formation on working Li metal anodes. Non‐solvating and low‐dielectricity (NL) cosolvents intrinsically enhance the interaction between anion and Li+ by affording a low dielectric environment. The abundant positively charged anion–cation aggregates generated as the introduction of NL cosolvents are preferentially brought to the negatively charged Li anode surface, inducing an anion‐derived inorganic‐rich SEI. A solvent diagram is further built to illustrate that a solvent with both proper relative binding energy toward Li+ and dielectric constant is suitable as NL cosolvent.
The introduction of cosolvents with non‐solvating and low‐dielectricity (NL) properties can intrinsically enhance the interaction between anion and Li+ and regulate the solvation structures in electrolytes, which favors an upgraded anion‐derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anodes.
A
bstract
We perform a systematical analysis of the
A
4
modular models with generalized CP for the masses and flavor mixing of quarks and leptons, and the most general form of the quark and lepton ...mass matrices is given. The CP invariance requires all couplings real in the chosen basis and thus the vacuum expectation value of the modulus
τ
uniquely breaks both the modular symmetry and CP symmetry. The phenomenologically viable models with minimal number of free parameters and the results of fit are presented. We find 20 models with 7 real free parameters that can accommodate the experimental data of lepton sector. We then apply
A
4
modular symmetry to the quark sector to explain quark masses and CKM mixing matrix, the minimal viable quark model is found to contain 10 free real parameters. Finally, we give two predictive quark-lepton unification models which use only 16 real free parameters to explain the flavor patterns of both quarks and leptons.
The persistent efforts to reveal the formation and evolution mechanisms of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are of fundamental significance for the rational regulation. In this work, through ...combined theoretical and experimental model investigations, we elucidate that the electric double layer (EDL) chemistry at the electrode/electrolyte interface beyond the thermodynamic stability of electrolyte components predominately controls the competitive reduction reactions during SEI construction on Li metal anode. Specifically, the negatively‐charged surface of Li metal will prompt substantial cation enrichment and anion deficiency within the EDL. Necessarily, only the species participating in the solvation shell of cations could be electrostatically accumulated in proximity of Li metal surface and thereafter be preferentially reduced during sustained dynamic cycling. Incorporating multi‐valent cation additives to more effectively drag the favorable anionic SEI enablers into EDL is validated as a promising strategy to upgrade the Li protection performance. The conclusions drawn herein afford deeper understandings to bridge the EDL principle, cation solvation, and SEI formation, shedding fresh light on the targeted regulation of reactive alkali metal interfaces.
The electric double layer chemistry and structure are identified to play a predominate role in governing the competitive reactions during solid electrolyte interphase formation on lithium‐metal anodes. This knowledge affords critical guidance on the targeted interface design to enable a stable working lithium anode.
The even-weight modular forms of level N can be arranged into the common irreducible representations of the inhomogeneous finite modular group Γ N and the homogeneous finite modular group Γ′N which ...is the double covering of ΓN, and the odd-weight modular forms of level N transform in the new representations of Γ′N. We find that the above structure of modular forms can naturally generate texture zeros of the fermion mass matrices if we properly assign the representations and weights of the matter fields under the modular group. We perform a comprehensive analysis for the Γ′3 ≅ T′ modular symmetry. The three generations of left-handed quarks are assumed to transform as a doublet and a singlet of T′, and we find six possible texture-zero structures of the quark mass matrix up to row and column permutations. We present five benchmark quark models which can produce very good fits to the experimental data. These quark models are further extended to include the lepton sector, and the resulting models can give a unified description of both quark and lepton masses and flavor mixing simultaneously, although they contain a smaller number of free parameters than the observables.
Additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramic materials has attracted tremendous attention in recent years, due to its potential to fabricate suitable advanced ceramic structures for various engineering ...applications. Robocasting, a subset of ceramic AM, is an ideal technique for constructing fine and dense ceramic structures with geometrically complex morphology. With the freedom and convenience to deposit various materials within any 3D spatial position, ceramic robocasting opens up unlimited opportunities, which are otherwise hardly attainable from other AM techniques. Here, a summary of the recent progress on the fabrication of single and multi‐ceramic structures by robocasting is provided, as well as the prospects of achieving shapeable ceramic structures. The current challenges in ceramic robocasting and an outlook on its development, especially toward the fabrication of self‐shaping ceramic structures, are also discussed.
Ceramic robocasting is widely employed to fabricate various advanced ceramic materials due to its versatility. Recent ceramic robocasting development is discussed, including the current trends and strategies toward the fabrication of shapeable and geometrically complex ceramic structures. The current challenges and outlook on ceramic robocasting, especially toward the additive manufacturing of self‐shaping ceramic structure, are highlighted.
Automorphic forms and fermion masses Ding, Gui-Jun; Feruglio, Ferruccio; Liu, Xiang-Gan
The journal of high energy physics,
01/2021, Letnik:
2021, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
We extend the framework of modular invariant supersymmetric theories to encompass invariance under more general discrete groups Γ, that allow the presence of several moduli and make ...connection with the theory of automorphic forms. Moduli span a coset space
G
/
K
, where
G
is a Lie group and
K
is a compact subgroup of
G
, modded out by Γ. For a general choice of
G
,
K
, Γ and a generic matter content, we explicitly construct a minimal Kähler potential and a general superpotential, for both rigid and local
N
= 1 supersymmetric theories. We also specialize our construction to the case
G
= Sp(2
g,
ℝ),
K
= U(
g
) and Γ = Sp(2
g,
ℤ), whose automorphic forms are Siegel modular forms. We show how our general theory can be consistently restricted to multi-dimensional regions of the moduli space enjoying residual symmetries. After choosing
g
= 2, we present several examples of models for lepton and quark masses where Yukawa couplings are Siegel modular forms of level 2.
Lithium (Li) metal has been considered a promising anode for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the low reversibility and intricate Li loss hinder the widespread implementation ...of Li metal batteries. Herein, we quantitatively differentiate the dynamic evolution of inactive Li, and decipher the fundamental interplay among dynamic Li loss, electrolyte chemistry, and the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The actual dominant form in inactive Li loss is practically determined by the relative growth rates of dead Li0 and SEI Li+ because of the persistent evolution of the Li metal interface during cycling. Distinct inactive Li evolution scenarios are disclosed by ingeniously tuning the inorganic anion‐derived SEI chemistry with a low amount of film‐forming additive. An optimal polymeric film enabler of 1,3‐dioxolane is demonstrated to derive a highly uniform multilayer SEI and decreased SEI Li+/dead Li0 growth rates, thus achieving enhanced Li cycling reversibility.
The fundamental interplay among Li dynamic loss behavior, electrolyte composition, and the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer was quantitatively elucidated. The actual dominant form in inactive Li loss is determined by the relative growth rates of dead Li0 and SEI Li+ as the anode interface undergoes processive evolution during cycling. The mechanistic studies shed fresh light on the interfacial dynamics of the Li‐metal anode.
A
bstract
We extend the even weight modular forms of modular invariant approach to general integral weight modular forms. We find that the modular forms of integral weights and level
N
can be ...arranged into irreducible representations of the homogeneous finite modular group
Γ
N
′
which is the double covering of Γ
N
. The lowest weight 1 modular forms of level 3 are constructed in terms of Dedekind eta-function, and they transform as a doublet of
Γ
3
′
≅
T′
. The modular forms of weights 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are presented. We build a model of lepton masses and mixing based on
T′
modular symmetry.
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