Metabolic energy fuels all biological processes, and thus, energy metabolism is vitally important for organisms. It has been suggested that interspecific variation in physiological functions is ...associated with the energetic metabolism of organisms, which varies considerably due to selection, adaptation and evolution.
Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the relationship between the interspecific diversification of maintenance energy expenditure and two forms of anaerobic capacity (in terms of exercise and hypoxia tolerance) in freshwater fishes. Moreover, in the context of environmental adaptation, we hypothesized that selection for increased locomotor performance in species with a fast‐flow lifestyle favours a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity and, consequently, a high maintenance metabolism, whereas selection for strong hypoxia tolerance in species with a slow‐flow lifestyle favours a reduced maintenance metabolism and a reduced aerobic capacity.
We examined these topics among 30 species of freshwater fish with different lifestyles based on the flow regimes of their habitats (fast, intermediate and slow flow). The resting metabolic rate of each species was measured, and then, the fish were subjected to two treatments: (a) exercise to exhaustion, after which we measured the maximum metabolic rate, excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption and metabolic recovery rate; and (b) hypoxia to the point of loss of equilibrium (LOE), after which we measured the metabolic response to recovery from hypoxia, including the peak metabolic rate (PMRh) and the excess post‐hypoxia oxygen consumption (EPOCh).
We found that the resting metabolic rate was positively correlated with both the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the fishes and that species from fast‐flow habitats have higher aerobic and anaerobic capacity with concomitantly increased resting metabolism. However, neither EPOCh nor LOE was correlated with resting metabolic rate.
In summary, we suggest that selection for increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity to facilitate the demands of exercise has occurred in fast‐flow species, that selection for hypoxia tolerance may have favoured a reduction in this capacity in intermediate and slow‐flow species, and that specialized adaptations (such as flexibility in gill morphology and altered metabolic pathways) play important roles in hypoxia tolerance in some species.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Near‐infrared (NIR) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) suffer from the low external electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency (EQE), which is a critical obstacle for potential applications. ...Herein, 1‐oxo‐1‐phenalene‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile (OPDC) is employed as an electron‐withdrawing aromatic ring, and by incorporating with triphenylamine (TPA) and biphenylphenylamine (BBPA) donors, two novel NIR emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics, namely OPDC‐DTPA and OPDC‐DBBPA, are first developed and compared in parallel. Intense NIR emission peaks at 962 and 1003 nm are observed in their pure films, respectively. Contributed by the local excited (LE) characteristics in the triplet (T1) state in synergy with the charge transfer (CT) characteristics for the singlet (S1) state to activate TADF emission, the solution processable doped NIR OLEDs based on OPDC‐DTPA and OPDC‐DBBPA yield EL peaks at 834 and 906 nm, accompanied with maximum EQEs of 0.457 and 0.103 %, respectively, representing the state‐of‐the‐art EL performances in the TADF emitter‐based NIR‐OLEDs in the similar EL emission regions so far. This work manifests a simple and effective strategy for the development of NIR TADF emitters with long wavelength and efficiency synchronously.
Two novel NIR TADF organic emitters, namely OPDC‐DTPA and OPDC‐DBBPA, were first designed and compared in parallel. Neat films of OPDC‐DTPA and OPDC‐DBBPA present real NIR emission with peaks at 962 and 1003 nm, respectively. Encouragingly, the solution processable doped NIR OLEDs based on OPDC‐DBBPA exhibits a maximum of 0.103 % with an emission at a peak wavelength of 906 nm.
Abstract
The harvesting of ‘hot’ triplet excitons through high-lying reverse intersystem crossing mechanism has emerged as a hot research issue in the field of organic light-emitting diodes. However, ...if high-lying reverse intersystem crossing materials lack the capability to convert ‘cold’ T
1
excitons into singlet ones, the actual maximum exciton utilization efficiency would generally deviate from 100%. Herein, through comparative studies on two naphthalimide-based compounds CzNI and TPANI, we revealed that the ‘cold’ T
1
excitons in high-lying reverse intersystem crossing materials can be utilized effectively through the triplet-triplet annihilation-
mediated
high-lying reverse intersystem crossing process if they possess certain triplet-triplet upconversion capability. Especially, quite effective triplet-triplet annihilation-
mediated
high-lying reverse intersystem crossing can be triggered by endowing the high-lying reverse intersystem crossing process with a
3
ππ*→
1
nπ* character. By taking advantage of the permanent orthogonal orbital transition effect of
3
ππ*→
1
nπ*, spin–orbit coupling matrix elements of ca. 10 cm
−1
can be acquired, and hence ultra-fast mediated high-lying reverse intersystem crossing process with rate constant over 10
9
s
−1
can be realized.
Purpose
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) communicate mutually to coordinate vascular development and homeostasis. Exosomes are emerging as one type of the mediators ...involved in this communication. Characterizing proteins in the exosomes is the critical first step in understanding how the VSMC‐EC crosstalk is mediated by exosomes.
Experimental design
The proteins in the human VSMC‐derived exosomes are profiled using nanoLC‐MS/MS based proteomics. The identified proteins are subjected to gene ontology analysis. The VSMC‐derived exosomes are also assessed for proangiogenic activity in vivo.
Results
Four hundred and fifty‐nine proteins are identified in the VSMC‐derived exosomes. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the exosome proteins are involved in 179 cellular components, 120 molecular functions, and 337 biological processes, with cell–cell adhesion and platelet activation/coagulation ranked at the top. VSMC‐derived exosomes do not display a proangiogenic activity in the in vivo angiogenesis assay, suggesting that the major function of VSMC‐derived exosomes is to maintain vessel homeostasis.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
The analyses obtained a systematic view of proteins in the VSMC‐derived exosomes, revealed the potential regulatory functions of the exosome in VSMC‐EC communication, and suggest that dysregulation of VSMC‐derived exosome‐mediated functions may disturb vessel homeostasis thereby contributing to vascular diseases.
The Yes-associated protein, YAP, is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway of cell-cycle control that plays important roles in tumorigenesis. Hippo-mediated phosphorylation YAP, mainly at S127, ...inactivates YAP function. In this study, we define a mechanism for positive regulation of YAP activity that is critical for its oncogenic function. Specifically, we found that YAP is phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by the cell-cycle kinase CDK1 at T119, S289, and S367 during the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. We also found that ectopic expression of a phosphomimetic YAP mutant (YAP3D, harboring T119D/S289D/S367D) was sufficient to induce mitotic defects in immortalized epithelial cells, including centrosome amplification, multipolar spindles, and chromosome missegregation. Finally, we documented that mitotic phosphorylation of YAP was sufficient to promote cell migration and invasion in a manner essential for neoplastic cell transformation. In support of our findings, CDK1 inhibitors largely suppressed cell motility mediated by activated YAP-S127A but not the phosphomimetic mutant YAP3D. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism for controlling the activity of YAP that is crucial for its oncogenic function mediated by mitotic dysregulation.
Hybridized local and charge‐transfer (HLCT) excited‐state emitters can effectively utilize non‐radiative triplet excitons through high‐lying reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC), but they are mostly ...limited to the donor‐π‐acceptor type molecules. It is a great challenge to develop high‐performance near‐ultraviolet (NUV) emitters with narrow‐band emission by HLCT due to the large carrier injection barriers and high triplet energy. In this work, by incorporating planar multi‐resonance (MR) skeleton of oxygen‐bridged triphenylborane (BO) and weak electron‐donating unit of tetraphenyl‐silane (TPS), two NUV emitters of tBOSi and tBOSiCz are developed, where an extra weak charge transfer (CT) channel between BO skeleton and peripheral phenyl in TPS is observed to increase CT component and activate hot exciton channel of hRISC. As a result, tBOSi and tBOSiCz show an outstanding narrow‐band NUV emission at 414 nm with a FWHM of about 32 nm in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), even at a heavy doping ratio. The best NUV electroluminescent properties are further achieved in the optimal tBOSi‐doped OLEDs with a record efficiency of 9.15% and a low CIEy of 0.034. This work provides a profound guidance for developing high‐performance narrow‐band NUV emitters by an extra weak CT channel into MR skeleton to activate HLCT emission.
Two novel near‐ultraviolet (NUV) organic emitters are reported by incorporating extra charge‐transfer (CT) channel into multi‐resonance skeleton to activate hybridized local and CT emission. Both emitters exhibit high‐efficiency narrow‐band NUV emissions at 414 nm with a FWHM about 32 nm in their doped, solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes. The highest external quantum efficiency of 9.15% and a low CIEy of 0.034 are obtained.
A novel cleavable amphiphilic peptide (CAP) was designed to be specifically responsive to fibroblast activation protein‐α (FAP‐α), a protease specifically expressed on the surface of ...cancer‐associated fibroblasts. The CAP self‐assembled into fiber‐like nanostructures in solution, while the presence of hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs readily transformed the assemblies into drug‐loaded spherical nanoparticles. The disassembly of these nanoparticles (CAP‐NPs) upon FAP‐α cleavage resulted in rapid and efficient release of the encapsulated drugs specifically at tumor sites. This Transformers‐like drug delivery strategy could allow them to disrupt the stromal barrier and enhance local drug accumulation. Therapeutic results suggested that drug‐loaded CAP‐NPs hold promising tumor specificity and therapeutic efficacy for various solid tumor models, confirming its potential utility and versatility in antitumor therapy.
A cleavable amphiphilic peptide (CAP) nanocarrier transforms from self‐assembled nanofibers to spherical nanoparticles (NPs) by loading hydrophobic drugs, and cleavage by the tumor‐specific protease, FAP‐α, resulted in specific and efficient release of the encapsulated drugs at tumor sites. This Transformers‐like drug nanocarrier could disrupt the stromal barrier, and enhance local drug accumulation.
The incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis of early neurological deterioration (END) in posterior circulation stroke are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and ...prognosis of END in patients with acute posterior circulation cerebral infarction.
Acute posterior circulation ischemic stroke patients who had completed neuroimaging within 72 h of onset were selected from a prospective registry study
Demographic characteristics, physiological data, medical history, laboratory data, in-hospital evaluation, neurological severity and TOAST classification, treatment, and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of patients were assessed. Early neurological deterioration was defined as an increase of 2 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score between the baseline and 72 h evaluation. Favorable and poor outcomes were defined as mRSs of 02 and≥ 3, respectively, at 3 months. The incidence and risk factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate regression analysis (step-back method).
The analysis included 455 subjects with an acute posterior circulation non-cardiac ischemic stroke, 330 (72.53 %) of them male, with an average age of 63.12 ( ± 10.14) years and with 47 (10.33 %) having END. The results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BATMAN scores ≥ 5 (OR: 0.1, 95 % CI: 0.02–0.53, P < 0.01), large artery atherosclerosis (OR: 11.55, 95 % CI: 4.18–31.93, P < 0.01), vascular stenosis > 50 % (OR: 2.44, 95 % CI: 1.1–5.42, P = 0.029), reperfusion therapy (OR: 4.21, 95 % CI: 1.66–10.64, P < 0.01), and the distribution of pontine lesions (OR: 5.66, 95 % CI: 2.39–13.44, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with END. Patients with END had a lower rate of favorable outcomes at discharge and long-term follow-up (P < 0.001), regardless of whether they received reperfusion therapy.
The lesion distribution of the pons, the progression of temporo-occipital lobe lesions, and large arterial atherosclerosis are independent risk factors of END that might predict a poor short- and long-term prognosis.
•As far as possible, all patients with noncardiogenic posterior circulation ischemic stroke were included in this study.•The incidence of early neurological deterioration in patients with was 10.3 %.•In patients with PCIS, different pathological characteristics and etiological types may be related to END.•Risk factors of early neurological deterioration might predict a poor short- and long-term prognosis.
Abstract
One of the purposes of taking spectra for millions of stars through the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) medium-resolution survey (MRS) is to obtain the ...elemental abundances, so that one can trace the origin and evolution for the element of interests. Lithium is one of such elements of great importance, which exhibits many puzzling behaviors. Investigating the lithium abundances to a uniquely large sample of stars is essential to understand its origin and evolution. In this paper, we present the lithium abundances obtained from the LAMOST MRS spectra calculated by the template-matching method. Our data set consists of 294,857 spectra that corresponds to 165,479 stars with a resolution power of Δ
λ
/
λ
∼ 7500. We compared the lithium abundances derived from our work with those using the high-resolution spectra and found a good consistence. The errors of lithium abundances are discussed. Our results suggest that the distribution of lithium abundances show two clear peaks at +2.6 and +1.0 dex, respectively. This sample is potentially important for investigating physical mechanisms occurring inside stars that alter the surface lithium abundance.
Reconnection of the self-generated magnetic fields in laser-plasma interaction was first investigated experimentally by Nilson et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 255001 (2006) by shining two laser pulses a ...distance apart on a solid target layer. An elongated current sheet (CS) was observed in the plasma between the two laser spots. In order to more closely model magnetotail reconnection, here two side-by-side thin target layers, instead of a single one, are used. It is found that at one end of the elongated CS a fanlike electron outflow region including three well-collimated electron jets appears. The (>1 MeV) tail of the jet energy distribution exhibits a power-law scaling. The enhanced electron acceleration is attributed to the intense inductive electric field in the narrow electron dominated reconnection region, as well as additional acceleration as they are trapped inside the rapidly moving plasmoid formed in and ejected from the CS. The ejection also induces a secondary CS.
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