► Thirteen anthocyanins were identified in purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar Jihei No. 1. ► Delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was found in the cultivar. ► A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained ...in aqueous solutions with pH 3 and 4. ► A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained in apple and pear juices.
Thirteen anthocyanins were identified in the purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar Jihei No. 1. The main anthocyanins were 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside derivatives from cyanidin and peonidin, acylated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, or caffeic acid. A unique anthocyanin, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was also found. The thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPAs) followed a first-order kinetics model. Aqueous solutions with various pH (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and fruit juices (apple, pear, grapefruit, orange, tangerine, kiwifruit, and lemon) were coloured with PSPAs. The enrichment and degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in these matrices were investigated at 80, 90, and 100°C. A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained in aqueous solutions with pH 3 and 4 and in apple and pear juices. Moreover, the activation energies for PSPA degradation in aqueous solutions with various pH and fruit juices ranged from 66.56kJ/mol to 111.57kJ/mol and 46.76kJ/mol to 75.68kJ/mol, respectively.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a novel class of crystalline inorganic–organic hybrid materials with tunable semiconducting behavior. MOFs have potential for application in photocatalysis ...to produce sustainable solar fuels, owing to their unique structural advantages (such as clarity and modifiability) that can facilitate a deeper understanding of the structure–activity relationship in photocatalysis. This review takes the photocatalytic active sites as a particular perspective, summarizing the progress of MOF‐based photocatalysis for solar fuel production; mainly including three categories of solar‐chemical conversions, photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen fuel, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction to hydrocarbon fuels, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation to high‐energy fuel carriers such as ammonia. This review focuses on the types of active sites in MOF‐based photocatalysts and discusses their enhanced activity based on the well‐defined structure of MOFs, offering deep insights into MOF‐based photocatalysis.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have captured widespread attention for application in photocatalysis owing to their semiconductor‐like behavior and unique structural advantages. MOF‐based photocatalysts with readily tailorable structures feature abundant active sites located at metal nodes, organic linkers, and pore space, which have potential for solar fuel production by photocatalytic water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrogen fixation reactions.
Interface modification and bulk doping are two major strategies to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Dipolar molecules are highly favored due to their unique ...dipolarity. This review discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of dipoles. In addition, the role of dipoles in PSCs and the corresponding conventional characterization methods for dipoles are introduced. Then, we systematically summarize the latest progress in achieving efficient and stable PSCs in dipole materials at several key interfaces. Finally, we look forward to the future application directions of dipole molecules in PSCs, aiming at providing deep insight and inspiration for developing efficient and stable PSCs.
The work reviews the influence of dipoles on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their characterization methods, mainly focusing on the mechanism of dipole effects on improving the performance of PSCs and film quality.
PEI/APP fire production architecture was constructed on CFs surface via a facile and effective LbL assembly. The resulted composites exhibited superior fire retardance and favorable mechanical ...properties.
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•Fire protection coating was successfully built on CF through LbL assembly.•The resulted CF composite showed superb fire retardance and promising properties.•Such coating strategy displayed compatibility and feasibility for mass production.
Fire safety is a permanent challenge in carbon fiber (CF) epoxy resin (EP) composites, which largely restrict their application especially in high-performance fields with flame-retardant demands. Herein, an effective flame-retardant architecture consisting of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was successfully fabricated on CFs surface through the facile layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to achieve a bilayer polyelectrolytes coated CF (BL@CF), which did not only endow excellent flame retardance to the relevant composites (EP/(BL@CF)) with no additional flame retardants, but also maintained desirable mechanical properties. The as-prepared BL@CF were characterized by SEM-EDX, XPS and XRD, indicating that PEI/APP coating was successfully deposited on CFs surface with no damage to the structure of CF. The phosphorus-containing PEI/APP coating imparted high fire safety to the composite, exhibiting a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 41.0%, V-0 rating in UL-94 V test with only 6 deposited bilayers on CFs, and the decrease of peak-heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 33.5% and 22.5%, respectively, obtained from cone calorimetry. Moreover, thanks to the increased surface roughness and chemical bonds between BL@CF and EP matrix, satisfactory mechanical properties and glass transition temperature of the composite were obtained. Taking these advantages, this facile manufacturing method from layer-by-layer assembly toward superior flame retardance and favorable mechanical properties can bring more chances for advanced composites.
A ZIF-derived Fe–Zn–N–C catalyst with sufficient exposure of bimetallic active sites and well-balanced micro/mesopores is synthesized by a two-stage pyrolysis process and exhibits superior oxygen ...reduction activity with high half-wave potentials of up to 0.819 V in 0.1 M HClO 4 and 0.918 V in 0.1 M KOH.
•We examine the changes in PSI redox state and CEF under fluctuating light.•PSI is highly reduced within the first seconds after an increase in light intensity.•CEF is highly stimulated upon a sudden ...transition from low to high light.•Over-reduction of PSI stimulates the CEF activation under fluctuating light.•Stimulation of CEF alleviates PSI photoinhibiton at donor and acceptor sides.
In angiosperms, cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is more important for photoprotection under fluctuating light than under constant light. However, the underlying mechanism is not well known. In the present study, we measured the CEF activity, P700 redox state and electrochromic shift signal upon a sudden transition from low to high light in wild-type plants of Arabidopsis thaliana and Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). Within the first 20 s after transition from low to high light, P700 was highly reduced in both species, which was accompanied with a sufficient proton gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membranes. Meanwhile, the level of CEF activation was elevated. After transition from low to high light for 60 s, the plants generated an optimal ΔpH. Under such condition, PSI was highly oxidized and the level of CEF activation decreased to the steady state. Furthermore, the CEF activation was positively correlated to the P700 reduction ratio. These results indicated that upon a sudden transition from low to high light, the insufficient ΔpH led to the over-reduction of PSI electron carriers, which in turn stimulated the CEF around PSI. This transient stimulation of CEF not only favored the rapid ΔpH formation but also accepted electrons from PSI, thus protecting PSI at donor and acceptor sides. These findings provide new insights into the important role of CEF in regulation of photosynthesis under fluctuating light.
Aims
To investigate practice patterns in exit‐site care and identify the risk factors for exit‐site infection.
Design
A quantitative cross‐sectional design.
Methods
Data were collected in 12 ...peritoneal dialysis (PD) centres in 2018. Daily exit‐site care practice patterns and exit‐site status of patients receiving PD were assessed through interviews and questionnaires.
Results/findings
Most of the 1,204 patients adhered with the protocols about main aspects of exit‐site care, such as cleansing agents selection, frequency of cleansing, catheter fixation, and following the catheter protective measures. However, their adherence levels on hand hygiene, mask wearing, observing exit site, examining secretion, and communicating with PD staff were rather low. Eighty‐four patients' exit sites were evaluated as problematic exit site (PES). And 186 patients had catheter‐related infection (CRI) history. After multivariable logistic regression analysis, diabetes (OR = 1.631), traction bleeding history (OR = 2.697), antibiotic agents use (OR = 2.460), compliance on mask wearing (OR = 0.794), and observing exit site (OR = 0.806) were influencing factors of CRI history. Traction bleeding history (OR = 2.436), CRI history (OR = 10.280), and effective communication (OR = 0.808) with PD staff were influencing factors for PES.
Conclusions
The adherence levels on different aspects of exit‐site care were varied in patients having PD. Their self‐care behaviours did correlate with the exit‐site status.
Impact
The adherence level of patients’ exit‐site care practice needs attention of medical staff. Further studies about the optimal procedure in exit‐site care were warranted.
Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease are common chronic illnesses in the United States and lack clearly demonstrated therapeutics. Mitochondria, the “powerhouse of the cell”, is involved in the ...homeostatic regulation of glucose, energy, and reduction/oxidation reactions. The mitochondria has been associated with the etiology of metabolic and neurological disorders through a dysfunction of regulation of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondria-targeted chemicals, such as the Szeto-Schiller-31 peptide, have advanced therapeutic potential through the inhibition of oxidative stress and the restoration of normal mitochondrial function as compared to traditional antioxidants, such as vitamin E. In this article, we summarize the pathophysiological relevance of the mitochondria and the beneficial effects of Szeto-Schiller-31 peptide in the treatment of Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.
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