Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies characterized by abnormal proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. It is the most commonly diagnosed childhood ...cancer with an almost 80% cure rate. Despite favorable survival rates in the pediatric population, a significant number of patients develop resistance to therapy, resulting in poor prognosis. ALL is a heterogeneous disease at the genetic level, but the intensive development of sequencing in the last decade has made it possible to broaden the study of genomic changes. New technologies allow us to detect molecular changes such as point mutations or to characterize epigenetic or proteomic profiles. This process made it possible to identify new subtypes of this disease characterized by constellations of genetic alterations, including chromosome changes, sequence mutations, and DNA copy number alterations. These genetic abnormalities are used as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers that play an important role in earlier disease detection, more accurate risk stratification, and treatment. Identification of new ALL biomarkers, and thus a greater understanding of their molecular basis, will lead to better monitoring of the course of the disease. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest information on genomic alterations found in childhood ALL and discuss their impact on patients' clinical outcomes.
Gynecological neoplasms pose a serious threat to women's health. It is estimated that in 2020, there were nearly 1.3 million new cases worldwide, from which almost 50% ended in death. The most ...commonly diagnosed are cervical and endometrial cancers; when it comes to infertility, it affects ~48.5 million couples worldwide and the number is continually rising. Ageing of the population, environmental factors such as dietary habits, environmental pollutants and increasing prevalence of risk factors may affect the reproductive potential in women. Therefore, in order to identify potential risk factors for these issues, attention has been drawn to trace elements. Trace mineral imbalances can be caused by a variety of causes, starting with hereditary diseases, finishing with an incorrect diet or exposure to polluted air or water. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding trace elements imbalances in the case of gynecologic cancers as well as female fertility and during pregnancy.
Breast cancer (BC) is currently the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. BC is most often derived from the epithelial tissue of the mammary gland and is a global problem due to the steady ...increase in morbidity and mortality in most countries. A particular problem today is the triple negative subtype (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 10-15% of breast cancer cases. BC occurs most frequently in young women and is characterised by various biological characteristics, an unfavourable clinical course and a poor prognosis. Recent studies to detect the effects of histamine receptors on breast cancer have shown that all H1R-H4R receptors are also hyperactive in the cancer microenvironment. Chronically maintaining a high level of histamine in the tumour-affected tissue contributes to increased angiogenesis at this site, induction of cancer cells proliferation and T lymphocyte dysfunction. The rising incidence of breast cancer is contributing to an increasing amount of research into targeted therapies. Studies on the effect of histamine antagonists through H1R-H4R receptors have proven their effectiveness in the treatment of breast cancer. Among those in the study, there was a reduction in tumour growth, cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. The use of histamine antagonists also contributed to a reduced risk of death from breast cancer and increased overall survival (OS). Therefore, targeted therapy is needed to improve the prognosis of patients with breast cancer.
Introduction: Ovarian cancer ranks seventh in terms of incidence and eighth in terms of mortality among women worldwide. It is divided into several subtypes. The epithelial type of ovarian cancer is ...responsible for 90% of cases. The clinical picture is usually an appendage tumor detected by palpation or during pelvic imaging. Symptoms are usually non-specific such as abdominal pushing or bloating.
State of knowledge: Ovarian cancer is usually detected at an advanced stage due to the long duration of absence of symptoms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look at existing and identify potential biomarkers that can lead to the development of new and more effective predictors for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer. The ability of these biomarkers to predict the existence and stages of ovarian cancer could improve early diagnosis and survival of ovarian cancer patients. Currently, the biomarkers CA-125 and HE4 play the most important role in diagnosis. However, there are an increasing number of reports on other biomarkers such as kallikreins, bikunin, VEGF, and mesothelin.
Summary: Partly due to the lack of effective screening, ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed in the final stages. This is why ongoing research into new biomarkers that could contribute to faster detection of the disease is so important. They would also increase the effectiveness of the therapies used and enable a better prognosis of the course of the disease.
Acromegaly is a relatively rare disease, with the incidence of 0.2 - 1.1 cases in 100 000 people per year. Increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) is the main pathomechanism. GH stimulates the ...liver to the insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) production. It leads to the tissues overgrowth, facial changes, metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or hypertension. The main aim of this review is to provide the most up to date knowledge about epidemiology and risk factors of neoplasms which occur more often in acromegaly, than in the general population. Some studies showed that substances from the IGF group – including IGF-1, have a cancerogenic effect on the cells. According to that fact, groups of acromegalic patients were examined in the search for cancers. Studies delivered that there is a higher chance of neoplasms in acromegalic patients. The most widely described cancers in the relation with this disease are: prostate cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, and colon cancer. There are some neoplasms which have lesser number of studies, such as: renal cancer, neoplasms of the female reproductive system, haematological cancers as well as osteosarcoma. Cancers occurs more frequently in acromegalic patients and have a major impact on patients' life-span. Early detection as well as quick provision with the adequate treatment is highly necessary for extending patients’ lives.
Introduction and objective: In recent years, depression and diabetes have become more and more serious medical issues. The number of patients suffering from one or both of these disorders increases ...year by year, which significantly worsens their quality of life. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the basic mechanisms and risk factors influencing the development of depression in patients with diabetes, as well as the bidirectional relationship between these illnesses. The study was based on a literature review and an analysis of publications available on PubMed and Google Scholar platforms. The search has been conducted with the use of a combination of keywords like: “diabetes type 1”, “diabetes type 2”, “depression”, “mental health”.
An abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Every third patient with diabetes shows depressive symptoms. These psychological disorders are more common in people with type 1 diabetes. The most vulnerable group of patients are single women with low socioeconomic status and comorbidities. Numerous biochemical and psychosocial changes in the life of diabetic patients, significantly increase the risk of developing depression. The latest scientific reports also draw attention to the two-way relationship between diabetes and depression. The inclusion of cognitive-behavioral therapy brings positive results in managing diabetes with comorbid depression.
Summary: The available scientific data clearly shows the existence of psychological and biological links between these two disease entities. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders can improve the course of diabetes.
Introduction and purpose: More and more reports suggest that diabetes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding this link may provide a new approach to ...modulating the onset and progression of sporadic AD cases. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the basic mechanisms and factors influencing the development of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes in the context of clinical practice.
State of knowledge: It is estimated that up to 80% of Alzheimer's patients have glucose intolerance or diabetes. Impaired insulin signaling can lead to abnormal processing and accumulation of beta-amyloid protein, which can result in memory deficits and cognitive decline. Insulin deficiency can also cause over-activity of the GSK3 enzyme, leading to tau hyperphosphorylation and senile plaque accumulation. Diabetes can also cause fibrotic changes in cerebral vessels, disrupting brain metabolism and potentially leading to hippocampus atrophy. The release of cytokines during the metabolic syndrome can also cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to neuronal atrophy. It has been reported that healthy diet, physical exercises and prevention of metabolic diseases may reduce the incidence of AD.
Conclusions: Epidemiological data and pathophysiological studies indicate a significant relationship between these diseases that AD is sometimes called Type 3 diabetes. Early detection of hyperglycemia and its proper management, may be crucial in the context of the clinical prevention of dementia diseases. It is essential to pay attention to the cognitive abilities of patients with metabolic diseases.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. HPV infection has a strong relationship with the onset of cervix uteri, vagina, penis, anus, and ...oropharynx, but also tonsils and tongue cancers. Some epidemiological data indicate that except for gynecologic cancers, HPV infection can be one of the risk factors associated with a greater risk of induction and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Data, however, remain contradictory and definite conclusions cannot be drawn, so far. The following review aims to organize recent evidence and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the association between HPV infection and gastrointestinal tumors primarily focusing on esophageal, liver, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers.
ABSTRACT
Introduction and purpose: COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that is caused by a new strain of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (type 2 acute respiratory syndrome virus). Globally, as of 14 July ...2021, there have been more than 4 million deaths and almost 190 million confirmed cases of infection. Mental health disorders are sets of behaviours, ways of thinking or perceiving and other mental activities and relations with other people which are a source of suffering or impediments to the individual functioning of the affected person. The most common mental health disorders are anxiety disorders, insomnia, depression and somatic disorders.
State of knowledge: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted people's lives around the world through the rapid spread of the disease, high mortality and negative health effects. Over time, there is growing public concern that health systems may become overburdened and that adequate medical care will not be available to everyone affected by the disease. There are also concerns that isolation and reduced mobility will be long-term with serious consequences for mental health and well-being.
Summary: There is already evidence of the negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents, as well as the elderly who have been isolated, making these individuals more susceptible to developing long-term psychiatric disorders.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) – case report Borkowska, Aleksandra; Sobstyl, Anna; Chałupnik, Aleksandra ...
Journal of education, health and sport,
09/2020, Letnik:
10, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Introduction Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. In 90% of children, HUS most often develops after an intestinal infection ...caused by verotoxin-producing E. coli. The remaining 10%, without any preceding diarrhea, are diagnosed with atypical HUS.Aim The objective of the study was the presentation the case of two patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome.Results The case report concerns two patients diagnosed with haemolytic uremic syndrome. Both cases shared many symptoms. Initially gastroenteritis, dehydration followed by thrombocytopenia, renal failure and anemia. These are examples of a typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Many additional tests were carried out, including morphology, urinalysis, blood chemistry, but the final diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and the triad of symptoms typical of HUS.Conclusions Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a disease that threatens the life of a child. It is important to recognize symptoms as soon as possible and begin treatment to prevent dangerous complications.
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