The decentralised provision of social services raises concerns about cn'ailability of sendees in different geographical areas, particularly in low- and middleincome countries with weak governance and ...fiscal redistributive capacities. Yet the interconnection of different decentralisation regimes and territorial inequalities in the provision of social services remains underexplored. This article engages with one aspect of this puzzle, the implications of the fiscal conditions on exacerbating (or overcoming) territorial inequalities in services provision. Using the Croatian system of early childhood education and care (data for the 2005-2018 period) as an empirical lens, the article shows that in the absence of a well-established policy andfiscal framework sensitive to regional inequalities in administrative and fiscal capacities, decentralised systems can only institutionalise territorial inequalities in services provision. Next to the legal entitlement to a certain service, inter-territorial fiscal equalisation policies are crucial in overcoming fragmentation in social rights along territorial lines.
Abstract
This article analyzes eligibility for parental-leave benefits in twenty-one European countries. It distinguishes four ideal-type approaches to how leave-related benefits are granted ...(in-)dependent of parents’ labor market position: universal parenthood model, selective parenthood model, universal adult-worker model, and selective adult-worker model. An eligibility index is created to measure the inclusiveness of parental-leave benefits, alongside the degree of (de-)gendered entitlements. The importance of employment-based benefits and gender-sensitive policies increased between 2006 and 2017. Eligibility criteria remained stable, but due to labor market trends, such as increasing precariousness, fewer parents may fulfill the conditions for employment-based benefits.
This article explores the (in)equality dynamic of childcare-related policy reforms in post-Yugoslav countries to expose ‘silent’ cleavages embedded in parenting leaves and early childhood education ...and care policies design that may challenge or reinforce parental (in)equalities in employment and care opportunities. It is guided by the principles and (sub-)questions of intersectionality-based policy analysis to determine who benefits and/or is excluded from the policy goals and allocation of childcare-related resources. All former Yugoslav republics initially relied on gendered and selective childcare-related policy design, empowering only a fraction of working mothers. In the last three decades only Slovenia equalized the potential of childcare-related policy allowing various parents to more easily engage in care and employment. The other post-Yugoslav countries that were more exposed to the post-1990 societal re-traditionalization and cost-containment measures mostly exacerbated the existing or created new layers of inequalities and (dis)advantages intersecting along gender, class, ethnical and spatial lines. While enacting more socially inclusive leaves, they also amplified the systematic exclusion of some parents from access to childcare-related rights and the opportunity to work and care. Parents, particularly mothers in precarious employment, ethnic minorities and ‘new’ migrants, as well as those living in less developed areas, were the most affected by the (absence of) reforms.
From mid-March 2020, childcare services and schools were closed around the globe in the fight of the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation, unprecedented in the history of modern welfare states, brought ...striking cross-country differences in pandemic childcare-policy responses. They varied particularly in the re-opening phase - both in being more lenient or strict, and in being universal or selective. This article presents a conceptual framework that allows to unpack and classify variations in the design of immediate childcare-policy responses to COVID-19, which became (primarily) driven by public-health-related goals and therefore transverse existing conceptualisations. We argue that specific responses are resulting from a country-specific combination of pandemic prevention strategy (either focused on high-risk groups or the whole population), and childcare-related policy concerns (e.g. educational goals, or work-family reconciliation). The distinct childcare-policy responses are then developed, and empirically illustrated on the basis of data collected for 28 European countries. This provides a basis for future research into the cross-country variation of responses, as well as gender and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Access is to well-paid parentsleave and affordable and quality early childhood and early childhood education (R & D) services in the early parenting phase, in order to create the preconditions for ...equal parental participation in labor market and care and enable equals opportunities for every child. In spite of, many parents and children do not have (adequate) access to these measures. Moreover, with gender inequalities in care and employment, studies growing indicate the so-called. the effect of St. Matthew (Matthew effect) in the use of parental leave and services of the RPOO, ie how disadvantaged familiesbenefit less from paid parental leave and RPOO services (Ghysels and van Lancker, 2011; Pavolini and van Lancker,2018; McKay et al., 2016)576 / 5.000 Rezultati prijevoda Such an outcome is primarily related to the design of parental leave policies and the RPOO system, as indicated by the analysis presented here within the InCARE project. The analysis highlights the multidimensional character and complexity of the system of parental leave and RPOO in post-Yugoslav countries. care and employment (more details in Dobrotić, 2019, 2021).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PurposeThis article explores the patterns and dynamics of parenting-related leave policy reforms in the European former socialist countries (EFSCs). It sheds light on the development pattern of their ...leave policies and their potential to reproduce, impede, or transform traditional gender norms in employment and care.Design/methodology/approachThe article provides a historical comparative analysis of leave policy developments in 21 EFSCs in the 1970–2018 period. It systematically explores continuity and changes in leave policy design − generosity (leave duration and benefits level) and fathers' entitlements to leaves − as well as policy concerns and gender-equality-related implications.FindingsFollowing the state-socialist commitment to gender equality, the EFSCs introduced childcare/parental leaves early. Nevertheless, they developed mother-centered leaves of equality-impeding character, in that they did not promote gender equality. The divergence of EFSCs' leave policies intensified in the period of transition from socialism to capitalism, as competing priorities and inter-related policy concerns – such as re-traditionalization, fertility incentives, gender equality, and labor market participation – influenced policy design. Leave policies of the EFSCs that joined the EU gradually transformed towards more gender-equal ones. Nonetheless, the progress has been slow, and only three countries can be classified as having equality-transforming leaves (Slovenia, Lithuania, and Romania).Originality/valueThis article extends existent comparative studies on maternity/paternity/parental leaves, exploring the region that has been overlooked by such research. It provides valuable insights into the implications of intersectional dimensions of leave design as well as competing priorities and concerns embedded in it. It points to the methodological complexity of evaluating the development of parental leave policies in a cross-country perspective.
This thematic issue aims to deepen the theoretical as well as empirical knowledge on the inclusiveness of social rights, focussing on the revelatory case of parenting‐related leave policies. This ...editorial defines (leave) inclusiveness and discusses extant research on varying entitlements and eligibility criteria in the field of parenting leaves. It summarises the conceptual, methodological, and empirical contributions made by the articles in the thematic issue and closes with a research outlook.
Promjene u svijetu rada vode rastucoj potrebi za reguliranjem fleksibilnih oblika rada, a za roditelje i pružatelje skrbi to dodatno traži Direktiva o ravnoteži izmedu poslovnog i privatnog ...života roditelja i pružatelja skrbi (EU/2019/1158) koju je Hrvatska prenijela u nacionalno zakonodavstvo 2022. godine. Istovremeno, istraživanja ukazuju kako prilagodbe radnog zakonodavstva u tom smjeru, uz pozitivne, mogu imati i negativne ucinke na dobrobit zaposlenika i rodnu ravnopravnost te je bitno voditi racuna ojavnopolitickom, organizacijskom i kulturnom kontekstu unutar kojeg se fleksibilni oblici rada reguliraju. Kako je potonja rasprava izostala u procesu prilagodbe hrvatskog zakonodavstva, ovaj rad promišlja jakosti i slabosti trenutnog uredenja fleksibilnih oblika rada za roditelje i pružatelje skrbi u Hrvatskoj, stavljajuci ga u komparativnu perspektivu te u kontekst dosadašnjih spoznaja o ucincima fleksibilnih oblika rada na dobrobit zaposlenika i rodnu ravnopravnost. Ukazuje kako šire reguliranje prava na fleksibilne oblike rada zbog potrebe skrbi nije pratilo promišljanje negativnih ucinaka koje takvi oblici rada mogu imati na dobrobit zaposlenika i rodnu ravnopravnost te time niti uvodenje mehanizama koji bi iste mogli prevenirati ili ublažiti. Kljucne rijeci: fleksibilni oblici rada, rad na daljinu, rad u nepunom radnom vremenu, skrb. Changes in the world of labour lead to the need to regulate flexible forms of work, and in the case of parents and carers this is additionally demanded by the Directive on work-life balance for parents and carers (EU/2019/1158) that was transferred by Croatia to its national legislation in 2022. At the same time, research indicates that adjustments of labour legislation in that direction can also, apart from positive ones, have negative effects on the well-being of employees and gender equality, so it is important to take into consideration the political, organisational and cultural context within which flexible forms of work are regulated. As there was no discussion during the process of the adjustment of the Croatian legislation, this paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of the current regulation of flexible forms of work for parents and carers in Croatia, placing it in a comparative perspective and within the context of current knowledge about the effects of flexible forms of work on the well-being of employees and gender equality. It indicates that the wider regulation of the right to flexible forms of work due to the need for care was not followed by consideration of the negative effects that such forms of work may have on the well-being of employees and gender equality, or by the introduction of mechanisms that could prevent or alleviate them. Key words: flexible forms of work, remote work, work with reduced working hours, care.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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