A 25–2 fractional factorial design was used to investigate the effect of salt (2–10%), sorbitol (0–10%) concentration, agitation (0–80 r.p.m.), tissue to solution ratio (1:3 to 1:6) and temperature ...(20–50 °C) on weight loss, solids gain, salt and sorbitol uptake, water activity, tissue brix and solution brix, during osmotic dehydration (OD) of diced green peppers. Results showed that salt and sorbitol concentration were the most significant factors. In the first half hour of the osmotic process, salt and sorbitol significantly increased weight loss, solids gain and tissue brix, and decreased water activity. Temperature was also a significant factor. It increased weight loss during the first 2 h of the process, and decreased water activity after 20 h of osmosis. Agitation and tissue to solution ratio were less important.
Forcible Feeding in English Prisons Dock, Lavinia L
The American journal of nursing,
2014-November, 2014-11-00, Letnik:
114, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Editorʼs noteFrom its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses’ work and lives for more than a century. These articles not only chronicle ...nursingʼs growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but they also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Todayʼs nursing school curricula rarely include nursingʼs history, but itʼs a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives will be a frequent column, containing articles selected to fit todayʼs topics and times.This monthʼs article, from the March 1910 issue, addresses the force-feeding of female political prisoners in Great Britain. It was written by nurse and social activist Lavinia Dock, a cofounder of the Nurses Associated Alumnae (which later became the American Nurses Association) and the International Council of Nurses and a contributing editor to AJN. Dock wrote, “Among the prisoners thus cruelly treated have been several nurses.” She shared physicians’ outrage that the Home Office ordered the force-feeding but tried to place responsibility for the practice entirely on prison physicians. More than a century later, the force-feeding of political prisoners continues to raise ethical and legal issues within the nursing and medical communities (see “Ethical Issues for Nurses in Force-Feeding Guanta´namo Bay Detainees” in this issue).
Osmotic dehydration of diced green peppers was optimized with respect to temperature (20–40
°C), time (15–600
min), salt (0–10
g/100
g) and sorbitol (0–10
g/100
g) concentrations through response ...surface methodology. Water loss (WL), solids gain (SG), salt uptake (SA) and sorbitol uptake (SO) were the responses in a 2
4 central composite rotatable design. Models developed for all responses were significant (
p
≤
0.01) without significant lack of fit. Results suggested that optimum processing conditions of 5.5
g salt/100
g and 6
g sorbitol/100
g at 30
°C after 240
min would result in WL
=
23.3%, SG
=
4.1%, SA
=
8
g/100
g dry pepper and SO
=
2.4
g/100
ml extract.
The effect of pH modification and preservative addition in apple cider on the heat resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. E. coli O157:H7 and various amounts of potassium sorbate (0 ...to 0.2%), sodium benzoate (0 to 0.2%), and malic acid (0 to 1%) were added to apple cider. Thermal inactivation experiments were performed at 47, 50, and 53 degrees C, and D- and z-values were calculated. In apple cider without additives, the D-value at 50 degrees C (D50) was about 65 min, but addition of preservatives and malic acid significantly (P < 0.01) decreased D-values. D50-values decreased to 13.9 min in cider with 0.5% malic acid, 13.2 min with 0.1% sorbate, and 7.0 min with 0.1% benzoate added. Addition of both sorbate and malic acid had similar effects as either one alone, thus additive effects were not present. However, addition of both 0.2% benzoate and 1% malic acid did show additive effects, lowering D50 to 0.3 min. Addition of all three components (0.2% sorbate, 0.2% benzoate, and 1% malic acid) resulted in a D50 = 18 s. The z-value of cider without additives was about 6 degrees C, whereas z-values of cider containing malic acid, benzoate, and/or sorbate ranged from about 6 degrees C to 26 degrees C. This increase may result in a longer 5-log reduction time at higher temperatures (i.e., 70 degrees C) in cider with benzoate as compared to cider without additives.
Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives for more than a century. These articles not only chronicle ...nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but they also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives will be a frequent column, containing articles selected to fit today's topics and times. This month's article, from the March 1910 issue, addresses the force-feeding of female political prisoners in Great Britain. It was written by nurse and social activist Lavinia Dock, a cofounder of the Nurses Associated Alumnae (which later became the American Nurses Association) and the International Council of Nurses and a contributing editor to AJN. Dock wrote, "Among the prisoners thus cruelly treated have been several nurses." She shared physicians' outrage that the Home Office ordered the force-feeding but tried to place responsibility for the practice entirely on prison physicians. More than a century later, the force-feeding of political prisoners continues to raise ethical and legal issues within the nursing and medical communities (see "Ethical Issues for Nurses in Force-Feeding Guantánamo Bay Detainees" in this issue).
Editor's note
: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day,
AJN
has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle ...nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end,
From the AJN Archives
highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.
The combined effect of modified-atmosphere packaging and the application of a bacterial antagonist (Erwinia sp.) on Botrytis cinerea growth on apples (cv. 'Golden Delicious') was investigated. ...Inoculated apples were stored in polyethylene bags at 5 degrees C. The initial gas composition in each bag was set according to a central composite experimental design involving five levels of O2 (1 to 15%) and CO2 (0 to 15%). Control samples under ambient conditions were also included. Without the antagonist, measurements of mold colony diameter over time showed that O2 had no effect on the growth of B. cinerea, while increased CO2 levels delayed its growth by about 4 days. Application of the antagonist resulted in a significant interaction between O2 and CO2. At low O2 levels, CO2 had no effect on mold growth, but at high O2, CO2 enhanced mold growth. O2 and the antagonist worked synergistically to reduce mold growth by about 6 days at low levels of CO2. However, at high CO2 levels, O2 had no effect. The strongest antagonistic effect was observed under ambient conditions. Overall, results showed that high CO2 atmospheres can slow the growth of B. cinerea and that Erwinia sp. was an effective antagonist against B. cinerea growth on apples, particularly under ambient conditions.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a well-known complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and is increasingly being recognized after solid-organ transplantation and transfusion
1
–
3
. ...Like GVHD occurring after bone marrow transplantation, transfusion-associated GVHD is characterized by fever, skin rash, diarrhea, and hepatitis. However, transfusion-associated GVHD typically occurs much sooner (median, 10 to 12 days after transfusion), is frequently associated with bone marrow aplasia, usually does not respond to immunosuppressive therapy, and is fatal in most cases
4
–
10
. Since gamma irradiation of cellular blood components before transfusion can prevent the development of transfusion-associated GVHD, it is critical to identify susceptible . . .
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