Concerns have been raised that parental restriction on children's independent mobility negatively affects the mental and physical development of the children. This study aims to identify the effects ...of parental restriction on children's outdoor independent activities. From a questionnaire survey of 464 children and 359 parents in an elementary school in Tsukuba City, we found the following results. a) Parental restriction on children's outdoor activities was composed of three types of restrictions: restrictions of children's daily activities, shopping store visits, and visits to faraway areas. b) Parental restriction reduced the number of types, playmates and, places of children's outdoor play. c) The degree of parental restriction was affected by perceived danger of children's playgrounds and social relationships to neighbors. In conclusion, we discuss the role of the personal safety in town planning in balancing children's independent mobility and their safety.
Fine-grained sintered molybdenum alloys dispersed with 0.8 mol% ZrC or TaC particles were prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering, and tensile properties of the Mo alloys were ...investigated at 300K and at 11701770K. The particle-dispsersed alloys exhibited much higher strength than a pure Mo which was fully recrystallized. Furthermore, the ZrC particle-dispersed alloy showed a large elongation of 120% at 1770K. These excellent tensile properties of the particle-dispesrsed alloys are attributed to fine-grained microstructure and uniform dispserion of the fine particles.
It was found that the stratum corneum was completely disrupted to intact individual corneocytes only by immersion in an aqueous solution of lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDMAO) /d-limonene mixture. The ...enhancing effect of binary system containing LDMAO and d-limonene on the skin permeation of antipyrine, a water-soluble model drug, was evaluated by in vitro permeation technique using hairless rat abdominal skin mounted in Franz type diffusion cells. The skin permeability of antipyrine in LDMAO/d-limonene binary system was higher than that in water without enhancer and that in each one of the binary system. It was found that when d-limonene was added at a concentration of 10 mM in 20 mM LDMAO aqueous solution, the additive effect of d-limonene reduced the lag time period of antipyrine permeation. The effect of alkyl chain length of a series of alkyldimethylamine oxides on the skin permeation of antipyrine was evaluated. The maximum effect was observed in the case of LDMAO, a chain length of twelve carbons. We have found LDMAO/d-limonene binary system to be usefull as penetration enhancer.
The process of photodoping of Ag into Ge
30
S
70
glass was studied with ac measurements at room temperature in vacuo. It was suggested that the dominant charge carriers in the photodoped phase were ...silver ions and that, although their distribution was steplike, as already reported, it was not so abrupt at the step front. The photodoping process was explained in terms of ionic conduction caused by photoenhanced internal electric field.
Fine-grained sintered molybdenum alloys dispersed with 0.8mol% ZrC or TaC particles were prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering, and tensile properties of the molybdenum alloys ...were investigated at 300K and at 1170-1770K. The particle-dispersed alloys exhibited much higher strength than a pure molybdenum which was fully recrystallized. Furthermore, the ZrC particle-dispersed alloy showed a large elongation of 120% at 1770K.These excellent tensile properties of the particle-dispersed alloys are attributed to fine-grained microstructure and uniform dispersion of the fine particles.
We report $^{121,123}$Sb nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements in
the filled-skutterudite superconductor PrOs$_4$Sb$_{12}$ in the temperature
range of 0.05-30 K. The electric field ...gradients (EFG), $V_{zz}$ and
$V_{xx}-V_{yy}$, at the Sb site exhibit unusual temperature dependence below 30
K. To explain these features, we discuss the coupling between the Sb nuclear
quadrupole moment and Pr $4f^2$-derived multipole moments. The observed $T$
dependence of EFG is well explained by the CEF quasi-quartet consisted of
$\Gamma_1$ singlet and $\Gamma_4^{(2)}$ triplet states in the cubic point group
$T_h$. These results, in turn, are indicative of the importance of the coupling
between the $^{121,123}$Sb quadrupole moments and the hexadecapole moment
caused by the quasi-quartet.
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