There is broad consensus regarding the fact that street art is a form of social, political and cultural protest and critique. However, rather than one single form, street art consists of a wide range ...of complex and contradictory styles featuring a diversity of interests, derivations and conflicts with underlying factors of both a structural and contextual nature. Taking as examples the cases of Pinacoteca a
Cel Obert and Pinta Malasaña, in Barcelona and Madrid respectively, this article explores the production of urban art and notes how, as part of plans to revitalize neighborhoods, it assumes different versions in harmony with the characteristics and circumstances of the surrounding areas. Using a qualitative methodology, it explores the conception, development and results of both projects, revealing the heterogeneity of explanatory factors, the complexity of their implementation, and the role, which is not exempt from conflict and rivalry, of street artists in the urban space.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the disease triggered by the African Swine Fever virus are currently two of the main problems regarding public and animal health, respectively. Although vaccination seems to ...be the ideal tool for controlling these diseases, it has several limitations. Therefore, early detection of the pathogen is critical in order to apply preventive and control measures. Real-time PCR is the main technique used for the detection of both viruses, which requires previous processing of the infectious material. If the potentially infected sample is inactivated at the time of sampling, the diagnosis will be accelerated, impacting positively on the diagnosis and control of the disease. Here, we evaluated the inactivation and preservation properties of a new surfactant liquid for non-invasive and environmental sampling of both viruses. Our results demonstrated that the surfactant liquid effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and African Swine Fever virus in only five minutes, and allows for the preservation of the genetic material for long periods even at high temperatures such as 37°C. Hence, this methodology is a safe and useful tool for recovering SARS-CoV-2 and African Swine Fever virus RNA/DNA from different surfaces and skins, which has significant applied relevance in the surveillance of both diseases.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since March 2020, Spain (along with many other countries) has been severely affected by the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the rapid spread of a new virus (severe acute ...respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS‐CoV‐2). As part of global efforts to improve disease surveillance, we investigated how readily SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA could be detected in environmental samples collected from an isolated rural community in Spain with a high COVID‐19 prevalence (6% of the population of 883 inhabitants). The first diagnosis of COVID‐19‐compatible symptoms in the village was recorded on 3 March 2020, and the last known active case resolved on 5 June 2020. By 15 May, two months after strict movement constraints were imposed (‘lockdown’), and the cumulative number of symptomatic cases had increased to 53. Of those cases, 22 (41%) had been tested and confirmed by RT‐PCR. On 13 May and 5 June, samples were collected from high‐use surfaces and clothes in the homes of 13 confirmed cases, from surfaces in nine public service sites (e.g. supermarket and petrol station) and from the wastewater of the village sewage system. SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was detected in 7 of 57 (12%) samples, including three households and three public sites. While there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend environmental surveillance as a standard approach for COVID‐19 epidemiology, environmental surveillance research may contribute to advance knowledge about COVID‐19 by further elucidating virus shedding dynamics and environmental contamination, including the potential identification of animal reservoirs.
The central aim of this article is to describe the state of art of the impact of globalisation on Barcelona and Madrid (Spain). It especially focuses on the transformations of their historic centres, ...the most accessible and highly contested spaces, and the reactions of their citizen movements and city councils. It begins by analysing the gentrification process. It then shows how these cities were even more intensively transformed by commercial gentrification, touristification and studentification, all within a general framework of financialisation. Consequently, both cities act like businesses, seeking high profits, and ignoring many of their citizens. Within this context, public policies have undergone a slight change of orientation. In this tense context, this article presents a series of reflections and suggestions for future action.
Bovine infectious infertility represents a problem due to the high impact on animal production and, in many cases, in public health. A lack of information on the characteristics of the bacterial ...population of the bovine reproductive system can hamper a comprehensive understanding of reproductive pathologies and the role that the microbiome could play. A metagenomic study based on the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was performed in 1029 preputial samples from bulls raised in an extensive regimen in Spain (944 from herds with low fertility rates -case group-, and 85 samples from reproductively healthy herds -control group-). The most representative phyla as well as the most 10 abundant bacterial families and their abundance did not show significant differences in both case and control groups. Similarly, the (alpha and beta) diversity of the bacterial populations was similar in both type of herds: the Shannon and Simpson indices show a high diversity of species, while the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index did not show relevant differences in the bacterial communities. A deeper analysis of the operational taxonomic units showed the presence of one genera, Mycoplasma spp. significantly associated with fertility problems. Our study highlights the promising potential that the application of sequencing techniques (e.g. 16S rRNA-based metagenomics) possesses in examining bovine infertility, as they are able to reveal different pathogens that could go unnoticed using diagnostic approaches for only the main known pathogens.
•Bacterial population diversity is high in both infertile and healthy bull herds.•The abundance of bacterial taxa is similar in both infertile and healthy bull herds.•Mycoplasma spp. showed association with infertility-related herds.•Metagenomics is a promising diagnostic tool in infectious bull infertility.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about the potential effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, ...including the neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads in tissues determined by RT-qPCR, histopathology in brain and lungs, immunohistochemical study in brain (IHC) as well as mortality rates, clinical signs and plasma inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice presented higher viral loads in the brain and an increased frequency of neuroinvasion, with the greatest differences observed between groups at 3-4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination showed a higher severity of brain lesions in BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice, mainly consisting of neuroinflammation, increased glial cell population and neuronal degeneration, from 5 dpi onwards. This group also presented higher interstitial pneumonia and vascular thrombosis in lungs (3-4 dpi), BCG-SARS-CoV-2 mice showed higher values for TNF-α and D-dimer values, while iNOS values were higher in SARS-CoV-2 mice at 3-4 dpi. Results presented in this study indicate that BCG stimulation could have intensified the inflammatory and neurodegenerative lesions promoting virus neuroinvasion and dissemination in this experimental model. Although k18-hACE2 mice show higher hACE2 expression and neurodissemination, this study suggests that, although the benefits of BCG on enhancing heterologous protection against pathogens and tumour cells have been broadly demonstrated, potential adverse outcomes due to the non-specific effects of BCG should be considered.
The disease produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is currently one of the primary concerns worldwide. Knowing the zoonotic origin of the disease and ...that several animal species, including dogs and cats, are susceptible to viral infection, it is critical to assess the relevance of pets in this pandemic. Here, we performed a large‐scale study on SARS‐CoV‐2 serological and viral prevalence in cats and dogs in Spain in order to elucidate their role and susceptibility. Samples from animals in contact with COVID‐19 positive people and/or compatible symptoms (n = 492), as well as from random animals (n = 1024), were taken. Despite the large number of animals analyzed, only 12 animals (eight dogs and four cats), which represents 0.79% of the total analyzed animals (n = 1516), were positive for viral SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) in which viral isolation was possible in four animals. We detected neutralizing antibodies in 34 animals, four of them were also positive for PCR. This study evidences that pets are susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in natural conditions but at a low level, as evidenced by the low percentage of positive animals detected, being infected humans the main source of infection. However, the inclusion of animals in the surveillance of COVID‐19 is still recommended.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum affects many cultured fish species and is considered one of the most important bacterial pathogens causing substantial economic losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. ...Here, F. psychrophilum was identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and nested PCR as the aetiological agent causing mortality in diseased juvenile Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii) reared on a freshwater fish farm. Diseased sturgeons were lethargic and displayed dark skin pigmentation, increased mucus production and the presence of skin ulcerations and haemorrhages specially on the ventral side and the base of fins. The histological examination of fish revealed proliferative branchitis, ulcerative and necrotizing dermatitis and myositis, lymphoid tissue atrophy, liver and kidney degeneration and thrombosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the infection of Siberian sturgeons by F. psychrophilum. The detection of F. psychrophilum in diseased Siberian sturgeons and the description of the pathological findings observed during the outbreak may contribute to a better understanding of the bacterium pathogenicity and the range of fish species susceptible to infection.
•New strategy combining targeted and non-targeted approaches for food safety control.•Gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in full mode scan was used.•Lower quantification limits than ...other published methods by GCHRMS were obtained.•The non-targeted approach allowed the identification of additional compounds.
A novel application, which combines targeted and non-targeted approaches, using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GCHRMS) for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables is proposed; the aim is to add information to that obtained from targeted methods to be used in pesticide residues monitoring laboratories.
Extract from fruit samples obtained with QuEChERS method are analysed with two different approaches: a first step in targeted mode in full scan, and a second step in non-targeted mode with HRMS deconvolution. The targeted method was validated for 191 pesticides, in banana, watermelon, pear and strawberry, with recoveries within 70–120%, precision-RSD <20%, linearity between 1–100 µg/kg (5–100 µg/kg in strawberry) and quantification limits (LOQs) of 5 µg/kg. For targeted method, 12 different pesticides in 14 samples were detected. The non-targeted approach allowed the corroboration of all the results obtained through targeted method, in addition other compounds were tentatively identified.
Rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) is an important infectious disease caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum affecting farmed salmonids worldwide. Other Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species (F. ...plurextorum, F. oncorhynchi, F. tructae, F. collinsii and F. piscis) have been isolated from diseased rainbow trout fry suspected of RTFS although the epidemiological and clinical relevance of these pathogens are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) Mass Spectrometry as method for specific identification of F. psychrophilum and its differentiation from other F. psychrophilum-like species isolated from diseased fish. Fifty-three isolates were analyzed after the creation of the Main Spectrum Profile (MSP) of reference strains of each of abovementioned species. F. psychrophilum exhibited a mass spectra very different from those of F. psychrophilum-like species, with five peaks (m/z 3654, 4585, 5388, 6730 and 7310) present only in F. psychrophilum isolates, and three peaks (m/z 6170, 7098 and 9241) absent in F. psychrophilum but present in all F. psychrophilum-like species. All F. psychrophilum isolates were correctly identified and differentiated from the F. psychrophilum-like species by MALDI-TOF. Although this approach showed a limited ability to differentiate among F. psychrophilum-like species, its complementation with a few simple biochemical tests may represent an alternative approach for the routine identification of the Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species.
•MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable approach for accurate identification of F. psychrophilum.•F. psychrophilum exhibited distinctive mass peaks useful as specific biomarkers•MALDI-TOF differentiated F. psychrophilum from other F. psycrophilum-like species•MALDI-TOF differentiated the species F. oncorhynchi, F. plurextorum and F. collinsii•Species F. tructae and F. piscis were not clearly identified by MALDI-TOF.
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