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•13C63,4-diaminobenzoic acid from commercially available 13C6aniline is described in 6-steps.•M+63,4-diaminobenzoic acid is an ideal scaffold to synthesize complex ...benzimidazoles.•Stable-labeled benzimidazoles can be used in many therapeutic areas for bioanalysis.
The synthesis of 13C63,4-diaminobenzoic acid from commercially available 13C6aniline is described in six steps. Salient features of this route include the preparation of a differentially protected 3,4-diaminobenzonitrile, hydrogen gas free aromatic nitro group reduction with ammonium formate and facile benzimidazole ring closure of the ortho-arylenediamine with triethylorthoformate. This stable-labeled 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid is an ideal M+6isotopomer to synthesize complex benzimidazole fragments for mass spectrometry internal assays.
We describe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among US food manufacturing and agriculture workers and provide updated information on meat and poultry processing workers. Among 742 food and agriculture ...workplaces in 30 states, 8,978 workers had confirmed COVID-19; 55 workers died. Racial and ethnic minority workers could be disproportionately affected by COVID-19.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the consistency (reliability) and accuracy (validity) of a new ankle instability questionnaire--the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability ...(IdFAI). One hundred ten participants were asked to complete the IdFAI on 2 occasions and the Lower Extremity Functional Screen (LEFS) on 1 occasion. Test--retest reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1 ). Convergent validity was evaluated by comparing the IdFAI with the LEFS using Spearman's rho (ρ). The dependent variables were the scores on the IdFAI and the LEFS. Test--retest reliability ranged from 0.81 to 0.94 for the questionnaire factors and was 0.92 for the overall questionnaire. Results of validity testing identified a statistically significant correlation between the IdFAI and LEFS (ρ = -0.38, P < .01). The IdFAI is a simple, valid, reliable questionnaire that can be used to categorize an individual's FAI status.
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and lethal infection caused by Naegleria fowleri. We report an epidemiological and environmental investigation relating to a case of PAM in a ...previously healthy boy age 8 years. An interview of the patient's family was conducted to determine the likely exposure site and to assess risk factors. Data from the United States Geological Survey site at Waterloo, NE, on the Elkhorn River were used to estimate water temperature and streamflow at the time and site of exposure. Data from the National Weather Service were used to estimate precipitation and ambient air temperature at the time and site of exposure. Despite conventional treatment, the patient died 2 days after hospital admission. The patient participated in recreational water activities in the Elkhorn River in northeastern Nebraska 5 days before symptom onset. In the week before exposure, water and ambient air high temperatures reached annual highs, averaging 32.4°C and 35.8°C, respectively. The day before infection, 2.2 cm of precipitation was reported. Streamflow was low (407 ft3/s). Infections in several northern states, including Nebraska, suggest an expanding geographic range of N. fowleri transmission, which may lead to increased incidence of PAM in the United States. Similar environmental investigations at suspected exposure sites of future cases will allow data aggregation, enabling investigators to correlate environmental factors with infection risk accurately.
The seismic response and performance of pile-supported wharves on sloping ground is not well documented due to an historical lack of instrumentation on port structures. Although general surface ...observations have been made at numerous ports following recent earthquakes, much more specific soil foundation-structure-interaction data could have been obtained with the more widespread employment of instrumentation. This paper presents the results of empirical and numerical analyses of recorded strong-motion data (SMD) from an array of instruments located on a pile-supported wharf and in the adjacent free field. Data were recorded with an instrumentation array at Berth 24/25 at the Port of Oakland, California, during the M7.0 Loma Prieta earthquake. The primary objectives of this project were to evaluate the SMD and identify the limitations inherent in capturing the complete dynamic character, including soil structure interaction, of a pier or wharf with a structural model. The project is expected to serve the professional engineering community by providing guidance in selecting appropriate techniques for seismic analysis and subsequent upgrade of existing port facilities.
Disease surveillance testing for emerging zoonotic pathogens in wildlife is a key component in understanding the epidemiology of these agents and potential risk to human populations. Recent emergence ...of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, and subsequent detection of this virus in wildlife, highlights the need for developing new One Health surveillance strategies. We used lymph node exudate, a sample type that is routinely collected in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (WTD, Odocoileus virginianus) for surveillance of chronic wasting disease, to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A total of 132 pairs of retropharyngeal lymph nodes collected from Nebraska WTD harvested in Nebraska, US, in 2019 (pre–SARS-CoV-2 pandemic) and 2021 (post–SARS-CoV-2 pandemic) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 with reverse transcription PCR. Thereafter, exudates obtained from these same lymph nodes were tested for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using a surrogate virus neutralization test. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in the exudates with high diagnostic specificity (100% at proposed cutoff of 40% inhibition). Application of this testing approach to samples collected for use in other disease surveillance activities may provide additional epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and there is further potential to apply this sample type to detection of other pathogens of interest.
Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow fever mosquito, is also an important vector of dengue and Zika viruses, and an invasive species in North America. Aedes aegypti inhabits tropical and sub-tropical areas ...of the world and in North America is primarily distributed throughout the southern US states and Mexico. The northern range of Ae. aegypti is limited by cold winter months and establishment in these areas has been mostly unsuccessful. However, frequent introductions of Ae. aegypti to temperate, non-endemic areas during the warmer months can lead to seasonal activity and disease outbreaks. Two Ae. aegypti incursions were reported in the late summer of 2019 into York, Nebraska and Moab, Utah. These states had no history of established populations of this mosquito and no evidence of previous seasonal activity. We genotyped a subset of individuals from each location at 12 microsatellite loci and ~ 14,000 single nucleotide polymorphic markers to determine their genetic affinities to other populations worldwide and investigate their potential source of introduction. Our results support a single origin for each of the introductions from different sources. Aedes aegypti from Utah likely derived from Tucson, Arizona, or a nearby location. Nebraska specimen results were not as conclusive, but point to an origin from southcentral or southeastern US. In addition to an effective, efficient, and sustainable control of invasive mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti, identifying the potential routes of introduction will be key to prevent future incursions and assess their potential health threat based on the ability of the source population to transmit a particular virus and its insecticide resistance profile, which may complicate vector control.
•Two Aedes aegypti incursions were reported in 2019 to temperate USA: York, Nebraska and Moab, Utah.•Single independent origins for each introduction•Aedes aegypti from Utah likely derived from Tucson, Arizona, or nearby.•Introduction to Nebraska could have come from southcentral or southeastern USA.
![Synthesis of [13C6]3,4-diam...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0040-4039/small "Synthesis of [13C6]3,4-diaminobenzoic acid as a precursor for stable isotope labeled benzimidazoles")
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