This paper proposes a novel variable sampling period filter phase-locked loop (VSPF-PLL) for use in the general area of three-phase systems. It is based on the concept of variable sampling period, ...which allows to automatically adjust the sampling frequency to be N PLL times the line frequency. Conventional three-phase PLL are based on synchronous reference frames (SRFs) to estimate the phase error between the PLL and the input signals. However, SRF transform fail when the voltage waveforms are distorted. In this paper, a sliding-Goertzel-transform- based filter is used in the loop to reject disturbances, such as unbalanced voltage and harmonics. It allows to detect the positive sequence present in the systems without errors. Characteristics of VSPF-PLL, including its mathematical model as well as steady state and dynamic responses, are discussed in this paper. The method is implemented in a DSP and tested using typical disturbances, such as frequency steps, unbalances, harmonics, saturation, and line-to-ground fault. Comparative simulations are performed between the proposed VSPF-PLL and some of the most common three-phase PLL described in the literature. Advantages of the proposed system over the methods analyzed are also discussed. Structural simplicity, robustness, and harmonics rejection are other attractive features offered by the proposed system.
In patients with locally advanced extraperitoneal rectal cancer, a multidisciplinary approach represents the standard treatment. However, considering the favorable prognosis in patients with major or ...complete response, radical surgery might represent overtreatment.
This study aimed to evaluate postoperative short-term morbidity, functional outcome, and oncologic long-term outcome in patients with rectal cancer treated with local excision by transanal endoscopic microsurgery or radical surgery and to determine who achieved a complete or major pathological response (ypT0-1) after neoadjuvant treatment.
This was a retrospective study.
The study was conducted at a single center.
Patients who had received neoadjuvant treatment by local excision with a major or complete pathological response at histological examination (transanal endoscopic microsurgery group) were compared to patients treated by radical surgery with the same pathological response (total mesorectal excision group).
The interventions included local excision by transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery with total mesorectal excision.
Postoperative short-term morbidity, functional outcome 1 year after surgery, and oncologic long-term outcome were measured.
Ninety-three patients were included in the study (35 in the transanal endoscopic microsurgery group and 58 in the mesorectal excision group). In the total mesorectal excision group, a sphincter-saving approach was possible in 89.7% (vs 100%; p = 0.049); a protective temporary stoma was necessary in 74.1% of radical procedures (vs 0%; p < 0.001), and 13.8% of these became permanent. Short-term postoperative morbidity was lower after local excision (14.3% vs 46.6%; p = 0.002). One year after surgery, the transanal endoscopic microsurgery group recorded better evacuation and continence function than the total mesorectal excision group. Oncologic outcome was similar between the groups.
This study had a retrospective design.
If a major or complete pathological response occurs after neoadjuvant treatment, an organ-sparing approach by local excision seems to offer the same oncologic results as radical surgery, but it has a better postoperative morbidity rate and better functional results. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B901 .Microcirugía endoscópica transanal versus escisión total del mesorrecto en cáncer de recto ypT0-1 después de radioquimioterapia preoperatoria: morbilidad posoperatoria, resultados funcionales y resultado oncológico a largo plazo.
En pacientes con cáncer rectal extraperitoneal localmente avanzado, un abordaje multidisciplinario con radioquimioterapia preoperatoria y cirugía con escisión total del mesorrecto representa el tratamiento estándar. En pacientes que obtienen una respuesta mayor o completa, la cirugía radical puede representar un sobretratamiento, considerando el pronóstico favorable de estos casos.
Evaluar la morbilidad posoperatoria a corto plazo, el resultado funcional y el resultado oncológico a largo plazo en pacientes con cáncer de recto tratados con escisión local mediante microcirugía endoscópica transanal o mediante cirugía radical y que obtuvieron una respuesta patológica completa o mayor (ypT0-1) después del tratamiento neoadyuvante.
Este fue un estudio retrospectivo.
El estudio se realizó en un solo centro.
El estudio se realizó en un solo centro.
Se comparó a los pacientes tratados, tras tratamiento neoadyuvante (1996-2016), mediante escisión local con respuesta patológica mayor o completa al examen histológico (grupo de microcirugía endoscópica transanal), con los pacientes tratados mediante cirugía radical con la misma respuesta patológica (grupo de escisión mesorrectal total).
Extirpación local mediante microcirugía endoscópica transanal y cirugía radical con escisión mesorrectal total.
Morbilidad posoperatoria a corto plazo, resultado funcional a un año después de la cirugía (evaluado con una puntuación de evacuación y continencia) y resultado oncológico a largo plazo.
Las limitaciones de este estudio incluyen su diseño retrospectivo.
Si se produce una respuesta patológica mayor o completa después del tratamiento neoadyuvante, un abordaje con preservación de órganos mediante escisión local parece ofrecer los mismos resultados oncológicos que la cirugía radical, pero tiene una menor tasa de morbilidad postoperatoria y mejores resultados funcionales un año después de la cirugía. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B901 . (Traducción-Dr. Felipe Bellolio ).
We give a comprehensive presentation of the periodic unfolding method for perforated domains, both when the unit hole is a compact subset of the open unit cell and when this is impossible to achieve. ...In order to apply the method to boundary-value problems with nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions on the boundaries of the holes, the properties of the boundary unfolding operator are also extensively studied. The paper concludes with applications to such problems and examples of reiterated unfolding.
In this work the morphologic features of Pele's hair formed during three different eruptions of Kilauea volcano have been investigated: fountaining from Kilauea Iki's 1959 Episode 1, weak explosive ...activity from Halemaumau lava lake and littoral explosions at Waikupanaha (2009). Morphological studies were performed by optical, stereo- and scanning electron microscopy. For the first time 3D image analysis was carried out by synchrotron radiation X-ray computed microtomography, which allowed a high-resolution 3D reconstruction of the internal structure of each Pele's hair, highlighting several differences in terms of number density, elongation and shape of the vesicles between the samples from the three eruptions. We identified three main parameters determining these differences: initial size of the magma droplet, ejection velocity and magma viscosity. Pele's hair erupted during the Kilauea Iki's fountaining shows the highest thickness and the least elongated shape of the vesicles, though it is related to fast ejection of a low viscosity magma. We therefore suggest that the size of magma droplets is the main parameter influencing the morphology and inner textures of the Pele's hair. The comparison with Pele's hair of similar eruptions elsewhere demonstrates that there is no univocal correspondence between eruptive style and Pele's hair texture.
This paper proposes a frequency adaptive phase-locked loop (PLL) for use in single-phase systems. The main objective is to obtain a reliable synchronization signal even in polluted grids, where the ...fundamental frequency is contaminated with harmonics, or present variations in phase, amplitude, and/or frequency. The proposed PLL is based on the concept of a variable sampling period technique, already implemented in a three-phase digital synchronization method proposed by the authors. This single-phase method allows us to automatically adjust the sampling frequency to be an integer multiple of the line frequency. In this case, the phase error is calculated just by one multiplication, thereby reducing implementation. A sliding Goertzel transform-based filter is also used in the loop to reject the undesired effects of this phase error detector and line disturbances, such as harmonics. To stabilize the loop, a controller that maximizes the bandwidth with an acceptable transient is introduced. The characteristics of the proposed single-phase PLL are described and the experimental results obtained from a DSP implementation are presented. A set of comparative simulations between the proposed PLL and some single-phase PLL described in the literature are conducted to validate the method. The advantages of the proposed system over other methods analyzed are also dealt with. The robustness of the system is verified by the experimental tests conducted as well as by the harmonic filtering properties. The system is also characterized by its simple architecture, which allows us to provide a high dynamic response with a very much reduced number of calculations.
In such a complicated field as proteomic analysis, scientists are more and more challenged in implementing separation systems capable to provide enhanced separation power, as well as sensitivity of ...detection for adequate identification and, to a lesser extent, quantification of the separated compounds. To address such issues, several combinations of different separation modes have been investigated in comprehensive liquid chromatographic platforms, in which the entire sample eluted from the first dimension is subjected to a secondary chromatographic separation. The different applications exploited for comprehensive LC analysis of intact or digested proteins are the focus of this review, in which advantages and disadvantages of the different columns combinations, interfaces, and operating modes are pointed out. The combination with mass spectrometry as part of the total system is stressed, and illustrated in more detail. Theoretical concerns and practical requirements will be briefly discussed, as well.
Large surface areas covered with man‐made materials are subject to pedogenetic evolution. However, pedogenetic processes in the resulting Technosols are seldom fully assessed. This work was conducted ...to identify and characterize the processes occurring on deposits of industrial technogenic materials. A former settling pond of the iron and steel industry where a forest has established since termination of the industrial activity approximately 50 years ago was chosen. A 2‐m deep pit was opened, and a series of layers of the soil profile were sampled. The macro‐ and micro‐structure were studied, and soil samples were analysed for structural, chemical and mineralogical assessment (chemical analyses, X‐ray diffraction, infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies coupled with energy dispersion spectrometry). Results showed that the profile was composed of a succession of sub‐horizontal layers arranged in two groups according to their structure and composition, linked to the composition of the industrial effluent. Group 1 was composed of iron‐, carbonate‐ and aluminosilicate‐rich layers exhibiting a compact structure. Group 2 contained manganese‐rich layers with a friable structure. Pedogenetic processes of various intensities were detected at different depths. Besides an accumulation of organic matter at the surface, transformations of minerals were recorded all along the soil profile, with weathering, leaching and precipitation of new phases. Phenomena occurred primarily in specific zones, such as cracks and interfaces between two layers. In conclusion, the soil maintained characteristics of the original industrial material and displayed several stages of pedogenesis, which were controlled chronologically by climatic and biological factors.
► The phenolic profile of Juniperus drupacea berries was characterized for the first time. ► J. drupacea berries methanol extract showed good antioxidant properties. ► The extract was found to be ...cytotoxic against Artemia salina. ► The extract determined a significant decrease in HepG2 cells viability. ► The extract displayed good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
The present study was designed to define the phenolic profile and the biological potential of berries methanol extract of Juniperus drupacea Labill. from Turkey.
The total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteau assay) was 48.06±0.99mgGAE/g extract. The HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis allowed the determination of the complete phenolic profile of J. drupacea berries. Phenolic acids represented more than 60% of the total phenolics, and tyrosol was the major one (1324±0.64μg/g extract); within the flavonoids amentoflavone was detected as the main constituent (927±0.35μg/g extract).
The extract exhibited good antioxidant properties, as determined by different in vitro models: DPPH test (IC50 0.38±0.02mg/mL), reducing power (12.63±0.14ASE/mL), Fe2+ chelating ability (IC50 2.26±0.06mg/mL), and TBA test (IC50 2.47±1.13μg/mL).
Cytotoxicity against Artemia salina was highlighted (LC50 489.47±27.8μg/mL), and a significant decrease (p⩽0.05; p⩽0.01) in HepG2 cells viability was observed at the higher concentrations (5–10μg/mL).
The extract displayed good antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria and in particular Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible strain (MIC 78.12μg/mL).
We present the geochemistry of glass fragments from three visible tephra layers outcropping in Southern Italy. Two tephra deposits (LeS1 and LeS2), outcropping in the Palinuro area (Cilento, Southern ...Italy), correspond stratigraphically to the CIL1 and CIL2 tephra units (Giaccio et al., 2012), respectively; in turn these are correlated with the X-5 (ca. 105ka) and X-6 (ca. 108ka) marine tephra markers on the basis of their major element glass compositions. In order to reinforce these tephra correlations we examine both their major and trace element glass compositions. LeS1 compositions were compared with other correlatives of the X-5 tephra layer (POP3 Sulmona basin, TM-25 Lago Grande di Monticchio (LGdM), CIL1 Palinuro) from the central Mediterranean. Our data validate a correlation of the Palinuro tephra layer, LeS1, to the X-5 correlatives. The Palinuro tephra deposit, LeS2, has glass compositions which correspond precisely with correlatives of the X-6 marker tephra (CIL2 Palinuro, TM-27 LGdM, I-9 Ionian Sea and PRAD 2812 PRAD1-2, Adriatic Sea). A tephra in the Valle del Crati (Calabria) appears to overlap in composition with the LeS2 tephra, indicating a probable correlation with the X-6 marker. These new data provide a detailed geochemical characterisation of two widespread marker horizons and are crucial for establishing precise correlations of sedimentary archives across the central Mediterranean region.
•Glass major and trace elements are presented for 3 tephras (Palinuro and Tarsia).•Tephra LeS1 (Palinuro) unequivocally correlates to X-5.•Tephras LeS2 (Palinuro) and Ta (Tarsia) correlate to X-6.•Our findings are crucial for tephrostratigraphic studies in the Mediterranean area.
The Lorraine-Saar Basin (LSB) is one of the major Paleozoic coalfields of Western Europe that has been shapedover two centuries as a heartland of underground coal mining and associated industrial ...activities in the transborderarea of France and Germany. The Basin still has considerable coal reserves accumulated in numerous laterally continuous coal seams that were affected by processes of thermogenic production of gaseous hydrocarbons during post-Carboniferous burial and related coalification. The LSB stands out by its up to 6 km sedimentary column and its inversion resulting in Paleozoic erosion in the range of 750 m (French part of the Basin) and pre-Mesozoic (Permian) erosion between 1800 and 3000 m (German part of the Basin). Historically, coal production in the Lorraine and the Saar portions of the entire Basin was associated with numerous mining hazards because of the high methane content in coal seams. The LSB has the potential to host an enormous unconventional resource base including coalbed methane (CBM). Coal mines here are no longer operated to produce coal; however, methane generated in deep compartments is venting here via fracture swarms to the Earth’s surface. Cutting natural methane emissions throughout CBM production within coal-bearing terrains is a crucial opportunity for slowing global warming rates. Nearly all CBM plays worldwide are affected in some way by natural multiscale fracture sets ranging from large fault zones to closely spaced joints, micro-shears, or cleat sets in coal seams. The LSB is not excluded indeed from this trend because of the long-term experience of geological exploration during extensive coal mining in the past. Characterization of structural patterns of fracture networks at different scales is a pragmatic process boosting the reliable perception of the performance of coalbed methane gas reservoirs. The focus of this contribution is to get an insight into the style and kinematic description of the multi-scale fault and cleat patterns in the LSB based on results of subsurface and underground geological mapping, and X-ray computer tomography. It will benefit the right mindset to ensure proper technical decisions for efficient exploration and exploitation of CBM reservoirs in the Basin.
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