Globally, liver cancer, which is one of the major cancers worldwide, has attracted the growing attention of technological researchers for its high mortality and limited treatment options. Hydrogels ...are soft 3D network materials containing a large number of hydrophilic monomers. By adding moieties such as nitrobenzyl groups to the network structure of a cross‐linked nanocomposite hydrogel, the click reaction improves drug‐release efficiency in vivo, which improves the survival rate and prolongs the survival time of liver cancer patients. The application of a nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery system can not only enrich the drug concentration at the tumor site for a long time but also effectively prevents the distant metastasis of residual tumor cells. At present, a large number of researches have been working toward the construction of responsive nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery systems, but there are few comprehensive articles to systematically summarize these discoveries. Here, this systematic review summarizes the synthesis methods and related applications of nanocomposite responsive hydrogels with actions to external or internal physiological stimuli. With different physical or chemical stimuli, the structural unit rearrangement and the controlled release of drugs can be used for responsive drug delivery in different states.
Cross‐linked hydrophilic polymer chains that can form gels are widely utilized for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. Various studies have also demonstrated the effects of particle size and surface morphology on drug release from particles in liver cancer therapy. Mechanistic understandings of responsive hydrogels in responsive stimuli are provided, by which better clinical choices may be approached.
The copper‐catalyzed stereoselective defluorinative borylation and silylation of gem‐difluoroalkenes was developed. The protocol led to the exclusive formation of Z type monofluoroalkenyl borons and ...silanes in generally good efficiency with broad substrate scope. The products formed could be readily transformed to other F‐containing molecules by taking advantage of the versatile reactivities of C−B and C−Si bonds. Experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies were conducted which support an olefin insertion/syn‐planar β‐F elimination pathway.
Circular RNA in renal diseases Jin, Juan; Sun, Haolu; Shi, Chao ...
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine,
June 2020, Letnik:
24, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a newly described type of non‐coding RNA. Active research is greatly enriching the current understanding of the expression and role of circRNA, and a large amount of ...evidence has implicated circRNA in the pathogenesis of certain renal diseases, such as renal cell carcinoma, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Studies have found evidence that circRNAs regulate programmed cell death, invasion, and metastasis and serve as biomarkers in renal diseases. Recently, circRNAs were identified in exosomes secreted by the kidneys. Nevertheless, the function of circRNA in renal diseases remains ambiguous. Given that circRNAs are regulators of gene expression, they may be involved in the pathology of multiple renal diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence is showing that circulating circRNAs may serve as novel biomarkers for renal disease. In this review, we have summarized the identification, biogenesis, degradation, and functions of circRNA and have evaluated the roles of circRNA in renal diseases.
LINKED CONTENT
This article is linked to El‐Khateeb et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16489
This letter is linked to Nicole E. Rich et al's article. To view this ...article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15917.
LINKED CONTENT
This article is linked to Higuchi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16745 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16792
α‐Haloboronates are useful organic synthons that can be converted to a diverse array of α‐substituted alkyl borons. Methods to α‐haloboronates are limiting and often suffer from harsh reaction ...conditions. Reported herein is a photochemical radical C‐H halogenation of benzyl N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates. Fluorination, chlorination, and bromination reactions were effective by using this protocol. Upon reaction with different nucleophiles, the C−Br bond in the brominated product could be readily transformed to a series of C−C, C−O, C−N, C−S, C−P, and C−I bonds, some of which are difficult to forge with α‐halo sp2‐B boronate esters. An activation effect of B(MIDA) moiety was found.
A photochemical radical C−H halogenation of benzyl N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates is described. Fluorination, chlorination, and bromination reactions were all effective using this method. The brominated products serve for the synthesis of α‐functionalized alkyl boron compounds. By virtue of coordination saturation of the MIDA boron moiety, some synthetically challenging α‐substituted alkyl borons are also accessible.
Organofluorine compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials sciences. The syntheses and applications of fluorinated organoborons facilitate the rapid and modular ...assemblies of fluorine‐containing molecules because of the versatility of C−B bonds in diverse chemical transformations. Reported herein is a migratory geminal difluorination of aryl‐substituted alkenyl N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates using commercially available Py⋅HF as the fluorine source and hyperiodine as the oxidant. The protocol offers facile access to α‐ and β‐difluorinated alkylboron compounds, both of which have previously been challenging to prepare. Mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, good functional‐group tolerance, and moderate to good yields were observed. The utility of these products is demonstrated by further transformations of the C−B bond into other valuable functional groups.
On the move: A migratory geminal difluorination of aryl‐substituted alkenyl N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates using commercially available Py⋅HF as the fluorine source is reported. The protocol offers an unprecedented opportunity for the synthesis of α‐ and β‐difluorinated alkylboron compounds. Mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, good functional‐group tolerance, and moderate to good yields were observed.
The ring‐opening reactions of N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) α‐chloroepoxyboronates with different nucleophiles allow the modular synthesis of a diverse array of organoboronates. These include seven ...types of α‐functionalized acylboronates and seven types of borylated heteroarenes, some of which are difficult‐to‐access products using alternative methods. The common synthons, α‐chloroepoxyboronates, could be viably synthesized by a two‐step procedure from the corresponding alkenyl MIDA boronates. Mild reaction conditions, good functional‐group tolerance, and generally good efficiency were observed. The utility of the products was also demonstrated.
The nucleophilic ring‐opening reactions of N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) α‐chloroepoxyboronates, a new synthon prepared by a two‐step procedure from alkenyl MIDA boronates, lead to the facile synthesis of α‐functionalized acylboronates and borylated heteroarenes in a divergent manner. Some of the products are difficult to access by alternative methods.
Non‐aqueous solvents, in particular N,N‐dimethylaniline (NMP), are widely applied for electrode fabrication since most sodium layered oxide cathode materials are readily damaged by water molecules. ...However, the expensive price and poisonousness of NMP unquestionably increase the cost of preparation and post‐processing. Therefore, developing an intrinsically stable cathode material that can implement the water‐soluble binder to fabricate an electrode is urgent. Herein, a stable nanosheet‐like Mn‐based cathode material is synthesized as a prototype to verify its practical applicability in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The as‐prepared material displays excellent electrochemical performance and remarkable water stability, and it still maintains a satisfactory performance of 79.6% capacity retention after 500 cycles even after water treatment. The in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrates that the synthesized material shows an absolute solid‐solution reaction mechanism and near‐zero‐strain. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the electrode fabricated with a water‐soluble binder shows excellent long‐cycling stability (67.9% capacity retention after 500 cycles). This work may offer new insights into the rational design of marvelous water stability cathode materials for practical SIBs.
An intrinsic stable layered oxide cathode material with absolute solid‐solution reaction, near‐zero‐strain, and marvelous water stability is designed for demonstrating the feasibility of fabricating an electrode with a water‐soluble binder. The electrode using a water‐soluble binder exhibits comparable electrochemical performance to that fabricated with an organic‐solution binder. This work will inspire the exploration of highly water‐stable sodium layered oxide cathode materials.
Improving the shelf lives of fruits is challenging. The biodegradable polysaccharide pullulan exhibits excellent film-forming ability, gas barrier performance, and natural decomposability, making it ...an optimal material for fruit preservation. To overcome problems of high cost and film porosity of existing packaging technologies, we aimed to develop pullulan-based packaging paper to enhance the shelf lives of fruits. A thin paper coating comprising a mixture of 15 wt.% pullulan solution at various standard viscosities (75.6, 77.8, and 108.5 mPa·s) with tea polyphenols (15:2) and/or vitamin C (150:1) improved the oxygen transmission rate (120-160 cm
m
·24 h·0.1 MPa), water vapor transmission rate (<5.44 g·mm
m
·h·kPa), maximum free radical clearance rate (>87%), and antibacterial properties of base packaging paper. Grapes wrapped with these pullulan-based papers exhibited less weight loss (>4.41%) and improved hardness (>16.4%) after 10 days of storage compared to those of control grapes (wrapped in untreated/base paper). Grapes wrapped with pullulan-based paper had >12.6 wt.% total soluble solids, >1.5 mg/g soluble protein, >0.44 wt.% titratable acidity, and ≥4.5 mg 100 g
ascorbic acid. Thus, pullulan-based paper may prolong the shelf life of grapes with operational convenience, offering immense value for fruit preservation.
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