Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death that is the nexus between metabolism, redox biology, and human health. Emerging evidence shows the potential of triggering ferroptosis ...for cancer therapy, particularly for eradicating aggressive malignancies that are resistant to traditional therapies. Recently, there has been a great deal of effort to design and develop anticancer drugs based on ferroptosis induction. Recent advances of ferroptosis‐inducing agents at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, and cancer biology are presented. The basis of ferroptosis is summarized first to highlight the feasibility and characteristics of triggering ferroptosis for cancer therapy. A literature review of ferroptosis inducers (including small molecules and nanomaterials) is then presented to delineate their design, action mechanisms, and anticancer applications. Finally, some considerations for research on ferroptosis inducers are spotlighted, followed by a discussion on the challenges and future development directions of this burgeoning field.
Emerging evidence shows the therapeutic potential of ferroptosis inducers in cancer therapy, particularly for eradicating intractable malignancies that are resistant to traditional therapies. Recent advancements in ferroptosis inducers for cancer treatment are presented, including small molecules and nanomaterials. The remaining challenges and future development directions of this emerging field are also discussed.
Due to the emerging bacterial resistance and the protection of tenacious biofilms, it is hard for the single antibacterial modality to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects nowadays. In recent ...years, photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments have received wide attention and exhibited cooperatively enhanced bactericidal activity. PTT features spatiotemporally controllable generation of hyperthermia that could eradicate bacteria without inducing resistance. The synergy of it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, photo-dynamic/catalytic therapy (PDT/PCT), immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), could lower the introduced laser density in PTT and avoid undesired overheating injury of normal tissues. Simultaneously, by heat-induced improvement of the bacterial membrane permeability, PTT is conducive for accelerated intracellular permeation of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers/sonosensitizers, and could promote infiltration of immune cells. Thereby, it could solve the currently existing sterilization deficiencies of other combined therapeutic modes, for example, bacterial resistance for chemotherapy, low drug permeability for PDT/PCT/SDT, adverse immunoreactions for immunotherapy,
etc.
Admittedly, PTT-derived synergistic treatments are becoming essential in fighting bacterial infection, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. This review firstly presents the classical and newly reported photothermal agents (PTAs) in brief. Profoundly, through the introduction of delicately designed nanocomposite platforms, we systematically discuss the versatile photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy with the purpose of sterilization application. At the end, challenges to PTT-derived combinational therapy are presented and promising synergistic bactericidal prospects are anticipated.
Photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments exhibit a super-additive effect in fighting bacterial infections.
The optical technology presents non-invasive, non-destructive, and non-ionizing features and has the ability to display various chemical components in tissues to provide useful information for ...various biomedical applications. Regarding selection of light wavelengths, second near-infrared (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) light is a much better choice compared to both visible (380-780 nm) and traditional near-infrared (780-900 nm) light, because of its advantages including deeper penetration into biological tissues, less tissue scattering or absorption, and decreased interference by fluorescent proteins. Thus, using optical nano-agents that absorb or emit light in the NIR-II window can achieve deeper tissue optical imaging with higher signal-to-background ratios and better spatial resolution for diagnosis. What's more, some of these nano-agents can be further applied for imaging guided surgical removal, real-time monitoring of drug delivery, labeling lymphatic metastasis, biosensing, and imaging guided phototherapy. In this review, we attempt to summarize the recent advances of various NIR-II nano-agents (including single-walled carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, rare-earth doped nanoparticles, other inorganic nanomaterials, small organic molecule-based nanoparticles, and semiconducting polymer nanoparticles) in both bioimaging and therapeutic applications, and discuss the challenges and perspectives of these nano-agents for clinical practice in the near future.
This review summarizes the recent advances of optical nano-agents for various biomedical applications in the NIR-II window.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential for tumor treatment with merits of non‐invasiveness, high selectivity, and minimal side effects. However, conventional type II PDT relying on 1O2 ...presents poor therapeutic efficacy for hypoxic tumors due to the oxygen‐dependent manner. Alternatively, emerging researches have demonstrated that type I PDT exhibits superiority over type II PDT in tumor treatment owing to its diminished oxygen‐dependence. In this review, state‐of‐the‐art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized, emphasizing the strategies to construct highly effective type I photosensitizers. As the foundation, basic principles of type I PDT are presented, and up‐to‐date type I photosensitizers are summarized and classified based on their attributes. Then, a literature review of representative type I photosensitizers (including nanomaterials and small molecules) is presented with impetus to delineate their novel designs, action mechanisms, as well as anticancer PDT applications. Finally, the remaining challenges and development directions of type I photosensitizers are outlined, highlighting key scientific issues toward clinical translations.
Type I photosensitizers exhibit superiority over conventional type II photosensitizers in tumor photodynamic treatment owing to their diminished oxygen‐dependence. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized and discussed. It is hoped that this review will inspire more efforts to explore new type I photosensitizers with clinical potentials for hypoxic‐tumor treatment.
In this study, a binary networked conductive hydrogel is prepared using acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol. Based on the obtained hydrogel, an ultrastretchable pressure sensor with biocompatibility and ...transparency is fabricated cost effectively. The hydrogel exhibits impressive stretchability (>500%) and superior transparency (>90%). Furthermore, the self‐patterned microarchitecture on the hydrogel surface is beneficial to achieve high sensitivity (0.05 kPa−1 for 0–3.27 kPa). The hydrogel‐based pressure sensor can precisely monitor dynamic pressures (3.33, 5.02, and 6.67 kPa) with frequency‐dependent behavior. It also shows fast response (150 ms), durable stability (500 dynamic cycles), and negligible current variation (6%). Moreover, the sensor can instantly detect both tiny (phonation, airflowing, and saliva swallowing) and robust (finger and limb motions) physiological activities. This work presents insights into preparing multifunctional hydrogels for mechanosensory electronics.
A pressure sensor based on highly stretchable and transparent polyacrylamide‐polyvinyl alcohol conductive hydrogel is prepared to achieve instant monitoring of human motions. Both covalent and reversible crosslinks contribute to high stretchability (500%). In addition to high transparency (92%), the hydrogel based sensor can differentiate various pressures (3.33, 5.02 and 6.67 kPa) and is capable of phonation recognition.
Highlights
The reaction mechanism of various kinds of nanomaterials with endogenous H
2
O
2
is outlined.
The design and application guideline for various H
2
O
2
-responsive nanomaterials in ...photodynamic therapy (PDT) are reviewed.
The development and prospect of various H
2
O
2
-response nanomaterials for PDT and clinical application are envisioned.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as one of the noninvasive clinical cancer phototherapies, suffers from the key drawback associated with hypoxia at the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays an important role in protecting tumor cells from damage caused by common treatments. High concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
), one of the hallmarks of TME, has been recognized as a double-edged sword, posing both challenges, and opportunities for cancer therapy. The promising perspectives, strategies, and approaches for enhanced tumor therapies, including PDT, have been developed based on the fast advances in H
2
O
2
-enabled theranostic nanomedicine. In this review, we outline the latest advances in H
2
O
2
-responsive materials, including organic and inorganic materials for enhanced PDT. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further research on H
2
O
2
-responsive anticancer agents are envisioned
.
Binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) possess higher reversible capacity, better structural stability and electronic conductivity, and have been widely studied to be novel electrode materials for ...supercapacitors. In this review, we present an extensive description of BTMO materials and the most commonly used synthetic methods. Furthermore, we review several notable BTMOs and their composites in application of supercapacitors. With the increasing attention for energy storage, more and more exciting results about BTMO materials will be reported in the future.
Binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) possess higher reversible capacity, better structural stability and electronic conductivity, and have been widely studied to be novel electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Developing highly active electrocatalysts with low cost and high efficiency for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is important for the practical implementations of hydrogen energy. Here, we report a ...Zn-doped CoSe2 nanosheets grown on free-standing carbon fabric collector (CFC), which was synthesized by using a metal–organic framework (MOF) as precursor and followed by a selenylation process. Importantly, the Zn-doped CoSe2/CFC electrode exhibited an obviously enhanced catalytic activity for OER in 1 M KOH aqueous solution compared with CoSe2/CFC, showing a small overpotential of 356 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm–2, a small Tafel slope of 88 mV dec–1, and an excellent stability. The robust and free-standing electrode shows great potential as an economic catalyst for OER applications.
Phototheranostics, which simultaneously combines photodynamic and/or photothermal therapy with deep‐tissue diagnostic imaging, is a promising strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. ...Organic dyes with the merits of strong near‐infrared absorbance, high photo‐to‐radical and/or photothermal conversion efficiency, great biocompatibility, ready chemical structure fine‐tuning capability, and easy metabolism, have been demonstrated as attractive candidates for clinical phototheranostics. These organic dyes can be further designed and fabricated into nanoparticles (NPs) using various strategies. Compared to free molecules, these NPs can be equipped with multiple synergistic functions and show longer lifetime in blood circulation and passive tumor‐targeting property via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. In this article, the recent progress of organic dye‐based NPs for cancer phototheranostic applications is summarized, which extends the anticancer arsenal and holds promise for clinical uses in the near future.
Organic dyes with the merits of strong near‐infrared absorbance, excellent photothermal conversion capability, good biocompatibility, easy chemical structure tuning, and rapid metabolism, are attractive as candidates for clinical phototheranostic application. After being fabricated into organic nanoparticles, they can be decorated with multiple functions, showing long circulation lifetime and passively targeting to tumor tissues.
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