In the presented work, B4C was irradiated with xenon swift heavy ions at the energy of 167 MeV. The irradiation of the substrate was done at room temperature to a fluence of 3.83 × 1014 ion/cm2. The ...samples were then analyzed with the X-ray diffraction technique to study the structural modification, as it can probe the region of penetration of xenon atoms due to the low atomic number of the two elements involved in the material under study. The nano-cluster formation under ion irradiation was observed. Positron lifetime (PLT) calculations of the secondary point defects forming nanoclusters and introduced into the B4C substrate by hydrogen and helium implantation were also carried out with the Multigrid instead of the K-spAce (MIKA) simulation package. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the sample was B4C and it had a rhombohedral crystal structure. The X-ray diffraction indicated an increase in the lattice parameter due to the Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation. In B12-CCC, the difference between τ with the saturation of H or He in the defect is nearly 20 ps. Under the same conditions with B11C-CBC, there is approximately twice the value for the same deviation.
The paper considers the new effects of the nanoscale state of matter, which open up prospects for the development of electronic devices using new physical principles. The contacts of chemically ...homogeneous nanoparticles of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide (ZrO2—x mol% Y2O3, x = 0, 3, 4, 8; YSZ) with different sizes of 7.5 nm and 9 nm; 7.5 nm and 11 nm; and 7.5 nm and 14 nm, respectively, was studied on direct current using nanostructured objects in the form of compacts obtained by high-hydrostatic pressure (HP-compacts of 300MPa). A unique size effect of the nonlinear (rectifying-type contact) dependence of the electrical properties (in the region U < 2.5 V, I ≤ 2.7 mA) of the contact of different-sized YSZ nanoparticles of the same chemical composition is revealed, which indicates the possibility of creating semiconductor structures of a new type (homogeneous electronics). The electronic structure of the near-surface regions of nanoparticles of studied oxide materials and the possibility of obtaining specifically rectifying properties of the contacts were studied theoretically. Models of surface states of the Tamm-type are constructed considering the Coulomb long-range action. The discovered energy variance and its dependence on the curvature of the surface of nanoparticles made it possible to study the conditions for the formation of a contact potential difference in cases of nanoparticles of the same radius (synergistic effect), different radii (doped and undoped variants), as well as to discover the possibility of describing a group of powder particles within the Anderson model. The determined effect makes it possible to solve the problem of diffusion instability of semiconductor heterojunctions and opens up prospects for creating electronic devices with a fundamentally new level of properties for use in various fields of the economy and breakthrough critical technologies.
In the presented work, the mechanism of evolution of defects in the crystalline structure after irradiation with 1500 kGy and 3000 kGy absorption dose at room temperature in a 60Co gamma source was ...studied, using 43 nm sized ZrB2 crystals. The crystals were characterized by a purity of 99.9%, a powder density of 0.23 g/cm3, a specific surface area of 80 to 120 m2/g, and a hexagonal P6/mmm spatial structure. The dose rate applied was 6.05 Gy/s, with 1.17 and 1.37 MeV energy lines. The effect of particles resulting from the decay of 22Naradioactive isotope β+ with an activity of 10.5 μCi, as well as gamma quanta with an energy of 1.27 MeV, on the core and valence electrons and vacancies in the crystal structure was studied using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening analysis methods. Additionally, the changes in the S and W parameters, which characterize the distribution of defects within the volume of the ZrB2 crystal, were studied using the Doppler broadening method. For unannealed material, the positron lifetime τ1 component varied between 174±2 ps and 181±1 ps. After annealing, the positron lifetime component τ2 was decreased from 290±3 ps to 226±3 ps, and the intensity component I2 increased from 17.49% to 40% depending on the radiation dose. The calculated values of the positron lifetime τ for one boron vacancy from ABINIT and MIKA packages were found to be 172 ps and 145 ps, respectively. The material was observed to satisfy the necessary functional conditions at gamma doses not exceeding 3000 kGy.
It is well known that in a gas-filled duct or channel along which a temperature gradient is applied, a thermal creep flow is created. Here we show that a mass and momentum flux can also be induced in ...a gas confined between two parallel structured surfaces at different temperatures, i.e., orthogonal to the temperature gradient. We use both analytical and numerical methods to compute the resulting fluxes. The momentum flux assumes its maximum value in the free-molecular flow regime, the (normalized) mass flux in the transition flow regime. The discovered phenomena could find applications in methods for energy-conversion and thermal pumping of gases.
► Moving liquid drop in microscale geometry. ► Coupling incompressible the Navier–Stokes and Boltzmann equations. ► Coupling a meshfree particle method with the DSMC. ► Moving liquid drop inside a ...rarefied gas. ► Derivation of interface boundary conditions between liquid and rarefied gas.
We study gas–liquid two-phase flow over a large range of Knudsen numbers inside the gase phase. The liquid phase is modeled by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, the gas phase by the Boltzmann equation, allowing to consider rarefied conditions inside the gas. The interface boundary conditions between the gas and liquid phases are derived. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a meshfree Lagrangian particle method called Finite Pointset Method (FPM), and the Boltzmann equation by a DSMC type of particle method. To validate the coupled solutions of the Boltzmann and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations we have further solved the compressible and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the gas and liquid phases, respectively. In the latter case both the compressible and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are also solved by the FPM. In the continuum regime the coupled solutions obtained from the Boltzmann and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations match with the solutions obtained from the compressible and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations.
Tungsten carbide hard metal alloy with 6% by weight cobalt was studied before and after irradiation at different fluencies with 167 MeV132Xe ions. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, neutron ...diffraction and positron lifetime spectroscopy were employed in order to assess the microstructural evolution in the material upon irradiation fluence increase. Analysis of the Raman spectrum for the pristine, non-irradiated material unveils that the surface is composed of a graphite-like phase and highly oxidized tungsten atoms spread in the carbon matrix. All characteristic peaks of tungsten carbide (WC) and possible cobalt phases are either missing or strongly overlapped in all Raman spectra. Bonding between tungsten and oxygen atoms broke upon irradiation and total deoxidation of the surface is detected for the two highest fluencies investigated at 5 × 1013 ions/cm2 and 3,83 × 1014 ions/cm2. Increasing the irradiation dose causes amorphization of the carbon phase on the surface accompanied by “up and down” trend of change in carbon cluster size. The Raman spectra analysis also unveils, that molecular nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere penetrates the carbon matrix upon irradiation. The results from the X-ray and neutron diffraction reveal that the main phase in the material is δ-WC and also give information about changes of the lattice parameters with increasing fluence. Reorganization of the induced point defects to dislocation defects as a function of the irradiation dose is discussed, but no phase transition of the main δ-WC phase is detected. Steady increase of compressive internal stress with increasing irradiation dose is noted by XRD. The tendency is not monotonic and the stress leans towards saturation at the highest fluence, with the highest value of −5.26 GPa. The Positron lifetime spectroscopy measurements show the presence of short lifetime component ranging from 170 ps to 190 ps, interpreted as small vacancy clusters. The intensities of the different positron lifetime components vary with the irradiation dose non-monotonically.
•Irradiation with 167 MeV 132Xe ions on WC-6Co to four different fluencies.•Up and down pattern for change in size upon irradiation for C and δ-WC phases.•Simultaneous carbon amorphization and surface deoxidation at the highest fluence.•No main δ-WC phase transition upon irradiation.•Reorganization of point defects to dislocation defects upon irradiation.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006.
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Double electron exchange between Cu4s and O2p sub( sigma ) orbitals is analyzed as mechanism which creates traditional cooper pairing in layered cuprates. The conductivity band is obtained in the ...oversimplified model which considers only hopping between O2p sub( sigma ) orbitals, and the amplitude of the Cu4s - O2p sub( sigma ) hybridization is accounted as perturbation. The proposed toy model possesses most of the distinguishable features of the experimental data: angle dependence of the superconducting gap, the shape of the Fermi surface, dispersion law for conductivity band and the electron spectrum of the superconducting phase. The influence of the Cu3d sub(x(2)-y(2)) orbital, electron doping and disorder for transition to s-type superconducting gap is briefly discussed.
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