This article studies poverty persistence and the role of social security programmes on poverty among elderly in the US. We use a Latent Markov model to disentangle unobserved heterogeneity and state ...dependence. Because of its dynamic nature, unobserved heterogeneity is modelled to vary over time. This allows to capture different latent states of poverty that change over time. Result indicates the existence of three unobserved types evolving over time according to their propensity to be poor. Moreover, a strong persistence in poverty especially for women, individuals living alone and ethnic minorities is found. Finally, the estimates indicate that giving social assistance tends to reduce poverty.
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are important effector cells that may play a role in the anti-tumor immune response. Their capability to exert MHC-nonrestricted lytic activity against different tumor cells in vitro ...and their detection among tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in a variety of human cancers have supported the development of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy in the context of novel treatment against cancer. Accordingly, promising reports from recent clinical trials support the use of V γ9Vδ2 T cells as immunotherapeutic agents, either via adoptive transfer of ex-vivo expanded V γ9Vδ2 T cells or in vivo activation of V γ9Vδ2 T cells with compounds such as phosphoantigens or aminobisphosphonates. In this study we have performed a meta-analysis to assess the objective efficacy and safety of V γ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy. Database including Pubmed, Web of Science and SCOPUS were investigated to identify relevant studies. Thirteen clinical trials involving patients with advanced or metastatic cancer were selected. In order to estimate the strength of association between V γ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy and favorable clinical effect or toxicity grade we used event rate (ER) with 95 percent confidence interval (CI). The total effective rate provided significant results (ER = 0.407; P <0.014) while no correlation was found between serious adverse effects and Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based therapy. This meta-analysis demonstrates that Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy improves overall survival and, in view of its low toxicity grade, provides a proof of principle for its utilization as adjuvant to conventional therapies for resistant/refractory patients care.
This study developed a method for measuring change in socio-economic equity in health care utilisation using small-area level administrative data. Our method provides more detailed information on ...utilisation than survey data but only examines socio-economic differences between neighbourhoods rather than individuals. The context was the English NHS from 2001 to 2008, a period of accelerated expenditure growth and pro-competition reform. Hospital records for all adults receiving non-emergency hospital care in the English NHS from 2001 to 2008 were aggregated to 32,482 English small areas with mean population about 1500 and combined with other small-area administrative data. Regression models of utilisation were used to examine year-on-year change in the small-area association between deprivation and utilisation, allowing for population size, age–sex composition and disease prevalence including (from 2003 to 2008) cancer, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, hypertension, hypothyroidism, stroke, transient ischaemic attack and (from 2006 to 2008) atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and heart failure. There was no substantial change in small-area associations between deprivation and utilisation for outpatient visits, hip replacement, senile cataract, gastroscopy or coronary revascularisation, though overall non-emergency inpatient admissions rose slightly faster in more deprived areas than elsewhere. Associations between deprivation and disease prevalence changed little during the period, indicating that observed need did not grow faster in more deprived areas than elsewhere. We conclude that there was no substantial deterioration in socio-economic equity in health care utilisation in the English NHS from 2001 to 2008, and if anything, there may have been a slight improvement.
► Surveys contain limited data on health care utilisation and may select unrepresentative samples of disadvantaged populations. ► We measure change in socio-economic equity in health care using detailed administrative data on health care utilisation. ► Our approach covers the entire population but only examines equity at neighbourhood level rather than individual level. ► During the 2000s, the English NHS underwent accelerated expenditure growth and pro-competition reform. ► Socio-economic equity in health care in England did not deteriorate between 2001 and 2008, and if anything may have slightly improved.
The Medicare program, which provides insurance coverage to the elderly in the United States, does not protect them fully against high out-of-pocket costs. For this reason private supplementary ...insurance, named Medigap, has been available to cover Medicare gaps. This paper studies how Medigap affects the utilization of inpatient care, separating the incentive and selection effects of supplementary insurance. For this purpose, we use two alternative estimation methods: a standard recursive bivariate probit and a discrete multivariate finite mixture model. We find that estimated incentive effects are modest and quite similar across models. There seems to be very significant selection, with the presence of both adversely and advantageously selected individuals, stemming from the multidimensional nature of residual heterogeneity.
Charged particles and photons have been measured in central Pb + Pb collisions at 158 A GeV in a common (eta-phi)-phase space region in the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS. The measured distributions ...have been analyzed to quantify the frequency with which phase space regions of varying sizes have either small or large neutral pion fraction. The measured results are compared with VENUS model simulated events and with mixed events. Events with both large and small charged-neutral fluctuations are observed to occur more frequently than expected statistically, as deduced from mixed events, or as predicted by model simulations, with the difference becoming more prominent with decreasing size of the A Delta eta-Delta phi region. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A measurement of direct photon production in {sup 208}Pb+ {sup 208}Pb collisions at 158A GeV has been carried out in the CERN WA98 experiment. The invariant yield of direct photons in central ...collisions is extracted as a function of transverse momentum in the interval 0.5<p{sub T}<4 GeV/c . A significant direct photon signal, compared to statistical and systematical errors, is seen at p{sub T}>1.5 GeV/c . The result constitutes the first observation of direct photons in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. It could be significant for diagnosis of quark-gluon-plasma formation.
Charged particles and photons have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV in a common (η–ϕ)-phase space region in the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS. The measured distributions have ...been analyzed to quantify the frequency with which phase space regions of varying sizes have either small or large neutral pion fraction. The measured results are compared with VENUS model simulated events and with mixed events. Events with both large and small charged–neutral fluctuations are observed to occur more frequently than expected statistically, as deduced from mixed events, or as predicted by model simulations, with the difference becoming more prominent with decreasing size of the Δη–Δϕ region.
Neutral pion transverse momentum spectra were measured in p+C and p+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 17.4 GeV at midrapidity (2.3 less than or similar to eta(lab)less than or similar to 3.0) over the ...range 0.7 less than or similar to p(T)less than or similar to 3.5 GeV/c. The spectra are compared to pi(0) spectra measured in Pb+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 17.3 GeV in the same experiment. For a wide range of Pb+Pb centralities (N-part less than or similar to 300), the yield of pi(0)'s with p(T)greater than or similar to 2 GeV/c is larger than or consistent with the p+C or p+Pb yields scaled with the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions (N-coll), while for central Pb+Pb collisions with N-part greater than or similar to 350, the pi(0) yield is suppressed.
Measurements of direct photon production in p + Pb and p + C collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.4 GeV are presented. Upper limits on the direct photon yield as a function of p(T) are derived and ...compared to the results for Pb + Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.3 GeV. The production of the eta meson, which is an important input to the direct photon signal extraction, has been determined in the eta -> 2 gamma channel for p + C collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.4 GeV. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Measurements of direct photon production in p+Pb and p+C collisions at sNN=17.4 GeV are presented. Upper limits on the direct photon yield as a function of pT are derived and compared to the results ...for Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=17.3 GeV. The production of the η meson, which is an important input to the direct photon signal extraction, has been determined in the η→2γ channel for p+C collisions at sNN=17.4 GeV.
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