Methods have been developed to measure the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) during the development of Drosophila melanogaster. In emerged adult flies, GPDH is a principal ...component of protein synthesis, comprising between 1 and 2% of the protein synthetic effort. This high relative rate of protein synthesis continues throughout adult life during a period of stable enzyme concentration. Therefore, it is evident that GPDH undergoes continual turnover. Analysis of GPDH synthesis in the adult segments reveals that this enzyme is synthesized in head, thorax, and abdomen. In 5-day-old flies, the relative rates of GPDH synthesis in the thorax and abdomen are similar. However, the concentration of GPDH in the thorax greatly exceeds that found in the abdomen. Therefore, it appears that the turnover rate of GPDH in the abdomen must be greater than the turnover rate of GPDH in the GPDH-containing cells (flight muscle) of the thorax. GPDH represents between 0.5 and 0.9% of the protein synthetic effort of larvae. The principle GPDH-containing tissue of larvae is fat body. The turnover of GPDH in larvae is similar to that in adult abdomen. This may be related to the concurrent presence of GPDH isozyme-3 in both tissues. Our studies indicate that the cell type-specific control of GPDH occurs at several levels.
The private sector traditionally has played an important role in the disposal or beneficial use of municipal wastewater biosolids. Typical practices include transportation and disposal of liquid or ...dewatered biosolids to regional incinerators or landfills and application of stabilized biosolids to agricultural land. Why some municipalities considered privately designed, built, and operated (D/B/O) biosolids processing plants are discussed. Municipalities that have used private-sector services believe the D/B/O approach encourages the private operator to properly process biosolids to meet local and federal requirements.
With a July 31, 1992, deadline, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is in the final stages of completing its Part 503 regulations for municipal sewage sludge management. The regulations are ...comprehensive - going far beyond existing federal and most state regulations - and for the first time will promote beneficial reuse. The EPA will reward source control because reporting requirements will be less with better quality sludges. Five subpart sections should appear in the final Part 503 regulations. Subpart A will address general provisions. Under land application (Subpart B), it is expected that the EPA will include nearly all beneficial reuse practices - and that covers distribution and marketing. There likely will be separate sections for surface disposal (Subpart C) and incineration practices (Subpart E), and requirements for pathogen and vector attraction reduction (Subpart D). With few exceptions, the rule is expected to require compliance 12 months after promulgation.
To define potential echocardiographic correlates of survival in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a retrospective analysis of echocardiograms was performed. Between 1982 and 1986, ...27 infants with severe BPD had at least two echocardiographic studies. Echocardiograms were divided into early (less than 30 days of age), intermediate (45 to 120 days of age), and late (more than 145 days of age) periods, and survivors were compared with patients who subsequently died of causes related to BPD. Right ventricular size did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors in any of the periods. Nonsurvivors had significantly smaller left ventricular internal dimensions than survivors in both the middle and late periods. Noninvasive estimates of pulmonary artery pressure (the right ventricular pre-ejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio) did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors until the late period. These data suggest that measurements of left ventricular size may have value in predicting survival of infants with severe BPD.
First-year medical students performed a simulated surgical task involving item transfers using a laparoscopic trainer box and the Intuitive Surgical's da Vinci® Surgical System. Performance ...efficiency in terms of the ratio of successfully transferred items to the sum of transferred items plus drops was greater when using the da Vinci than the laparoscopic system and task-induced stress measured by the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire was greater when working with the laparoscopic than with the da Vinci system. Perceived mental workload indexed by the Multiple Resources Questionnaire was high with both systems. With both systems, profiles of the information-processing resources involved in task performance emphasized manual, short-term memory, spatial, and visual/temporal processing dimensions. As measured by the Coping Inventory of Task Stress, task-focused coping was the dominant coping style used by the students with both surgical systems. The results have potential implications for selection and training with minimally invasive surgery procedures.
The Twelfth Annual Workshop of the Institute for Transnational Arbitration was held in Dallas on 21 June 2001. The theme of die Workshop, 'Arbitrating with Sovereigns', addressed what is perhaps the ...most intriguing aspect of international commercial arbitration as a matter of both theory and practice. From a theoretical perspective, private commercial law principles intersect with public international law concepts, and the traditional status of the State must be reconciled with the emergence of private entities as independent actors in the international legal order. From a practical perspective, disputes between sovereigns and private parties raise unique issues of both substantive and procedural law. Arbitrating with sovereigns requires us to place international arbitration in the space and time of the international legal order.
In this paper, I present a newly developed model of the magnetic effects of field-aligned currents. The magnetic field of a large-scale field-aligned current system is obtained by summing the ...magnetic fields of a large number of finite length cylindrical current elements. The resulting magnetic field is valid inside of, near, and far away from the model field-aligned currents, both near the ionosphere and in the magnetosphere. The modeling technique allows for the closure of the field-aligned currents along any specified path. The effects of field-aligned currents on the nightside magnetospheric magnetic field and on mapping between the nightside magnetosphere and ionosphere are investigated using an empirical magnetic field model. (Author (revised))
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