The adult ergonomic design principles usually do not apply to children, because their needs, skills, and expectations differ. The purpose of this study is to explore preschoolers' and primary ...schoolers' color perception and memorization in the context of spatial orientation, in order to explore possibilities of implementation of colors in the design of the school interior. Our experiment involved 80 participants. This study mainly recruited children aged 5-9 years as research participants. After the investigation, we found that: (1) Children showed the highest accuracy in memorizing the yellow object (87.5 %), while they had demonstrated the lowest percentage of correct answers when memorizing the blue object (73.8 %); (2) Boys showed a higher accuracy in the perception of colored objects, compared to girls, for all four used colors; (3) Older children (third grade) showed better accuracy in memorizing the targeted properties of used test object of different colors (for all used colors) than younger children. These findings are considered in the context of the design of school equipment and surrounding.
Elliptic hyperboloid of one sheet (EHOS) is the general case of a double curved surface, from the family of ruled surfaces, which generates by ruling of a line–generator along three directing skewed ...lines, in the space. The dissertation gives an answer to a task – finding a new approach in creating constructive–geometry "boundaries" for this surface in the space settlement. A wide range of constructive procedures, for the determination and mutual relations of the main parameters of EHOS: center of the surface, orthogonal axes, planes of symmetry, minimal section curve (elliptical "throat") and its vertexes came out from the concept of hexagramic spatial "carrier" of two times three directors – skewed lines, in variety of their positions. The employment of procedures and scientifically based methods of Projective Synthetic Geometry, Descriptive Geometry and tools of computer graphics, in 3D surroundings (using Auto CAD software for engineers), are of importance for the scientific contributions of this dissertation, achieved solutions – constructive procedures and theoretical conclusions, in the sphere of geometry of ruled surface EHOS and its types. In the constructive procedures of spatial affine transformations of hyperboloids of one sheet, whose directing lines are "inscribed" in three sided prisms, the invariants of all the types of transformations are determined. Further investigations, concerning relations of general and special types of HOS, inside the same family of surfaces, are initiated by settled principles. The analysis of all the types of sections of EHOS, including the correlation to the polar properties of the surface, resulted with theoretical base, as an input for the practical application of "whole" surface or its fragments, in the procedures of 3D geometrical modeling. The models – structures, above regular patterns (polygons) are created by 3D procedures and tools, using fragments of straight or inclined EHOS. They represent the prototypes for the creative palette of possible architectural shapes of roofs or buildings. Very similar results came out of the part of research, concerning intersections of EHOS and basic second order surfaces (primitives): cone, cylinder and sphere. The "combinations" of such surfaces, in 3D geometrical modeling procedures, offered just some directions, like an initiation and inspiration for the architects and civil engineers. Some results of the research are realized through the two applications in the engineering software Auto CAD (written in Auto–lisp programming language), which uses circular sections of EHOS, for the procedure of generating wire frame or realistic surface model, with triangulated net. The applicability of the sections, along the generator (line) and circles, is very important for the building practice, which needs the simplicity, while the aesthetic values of the form are maintained. This thesis brought up the significance of educational contributions, because of it's incite and the indications of possibilities of new geometric–constructive settings for the practical use of the geometrical surfaces.
Jednograni eliptički hiperboloid (JEH) je najopštiji slučaj površi dvostruke zakrivljenosti, iz porodice pravoizvodnih površi, koja nastaje klizanjem jedne transverzale–generatrise, duž tri direktrise – mimoilazne prave prostora. Disertacija daje odgovor na drugačiji prilaz za postavljanje konstruktivno–geometrijskog okvira površi u prostor. Zadavanjem prostornog šestotemenika – nosača vodilja površi, u različitim varijantama položaja, dva puta po tri izvodnice, iz različitih sistema izvodnica, u novom okviru, razvijen je niz konstruktivnih postupaka, kojima se generiše površ i određuju glavni parametri JEH–a: središte, glavne ortogonalne ose i ravni simetrije, strikciona elipsa i temena i utvrđuju njihove međusobne relacije. Postupcima i naučno zasnovanim metodama projektivne sintetičke geometrije, nacrtne geometrije i alatima kompjuterske grafike, u 3D okruženju (uz upotrebu softvera Auto CAD), teza daje naučni doprinos, kroz rešenja – konstruktivne postupke i teoretske zaključke, u sferi geometrije pravoizvodne površi JEH–a i njenih tipova. U konstruktivnim postupcima prostornih afinih transformacija jednogranih hiperboloida, čije su vodilje upisane u trostrane prizme, utvrđene su invarijante tipova transformacija. Na postavljenim principima inici–rana.su dalja istraživanja relacija opštih i specijalnih tipova JH, u okviru iste familije površi. Analizom svih tipova preseka površi JEH–a sa ravnima, uz uspostavljanje korelacija sa polarnim karakteristikama površi, stvorena je teorijska baza znanja, korisna za praktičnu primenu cele površi, ili njenih isečaka, u postupcima geometrijskog 3D modelovanja. Modeli–strukture, sa zadatim pravilnim matricama, kreirani 3D postupcima, od isečaka pravog ili kosog tipa JEH–a, predstavljaju prototip za široku paletu mogućnosti primene u arhitektonskom oblikovanju krovnih površina ili celih objekata. Sličan, praktično primenljiv, rezultat dao je i deo istraživanja vezan za prodore osnovnih površi drugog stepena i JEH–a. Ovakve kombinacije površi, u postupcima prostornog geometrijskog modelovanja su skup smernica, kao deo inicijative i inspiracije za projektante i graditelje. Rezulatati istraživanja su realizovani i kroz dve aplikacije u softveru Auto CAD (pisanu Auto–lisp programskim jezikom), koja koristi kružne preseke JEH–a, za generisanje žičanog i površinskog modela površi, sa triangulisanom mrežom. Aplikativnost preseka površi po izvodnicama i kružnicama, od značaja je za praksu građenja, koja teži jednostavnosti izvođenja, a da pri tome ne umanjuje estetsku vrednost celokupne forme. Ova doktorska teza nosi i težinu edukativnog značaja, jer na primeru jednog tipa pravoizvodne površi drugog reda – jednogranog eliptičkog hiperboloida, pruža uvide i ukazuje na mogućnosti postavljanja novih geometrijsko–konstruktivnih okvira, u oblasti teorije i praktične primene geometrijskih površi.
Једнограни елиптички хиперболоид (ЈЕХ) је најопштији случај површи двоструке закривљености, из породице правоизводних површи, која настаје клизањем једне трансверзале–генератрисе, дуж три директрисе ...– мимоилазне праве простора. Дисертација даје одговор на другачији прилаз за постављање конструктивно–геометријског оквира површи у простор. Задавањем просторног шестотеменика – носача водиља површи, у различитим варијантама положаја, два пута по три изводнице, из различитих система изводница, у новом оквиру, развијен је низ конструктивних поступака, којима се генерише површ и одређују главни параметри ЈЕХ–а: средиште, главне ортогоналне осе и равни симетрије, стрикциона елипса и темена и утврђују њихове међусобне релације. Поступцима и научно заснованим методама пројективне синтетичке геометрије, нацртне геометрије и алатима компјутерске графике, у 3D окружењу (уз употребу софтвера Auto CAD), теза даје научни допринос, кроз решења – конструктивне поступке и теоретске закључке, у сфери геометрије правоизводне површи ЈЕХ–а и њених типова.У конструктивним поступцима просторних афиних трансформација једнограних хиперболоида, чије су водиље уписане у тростране призме, утврђене су инваријанте типова трансформација. На постављеним принципима иници–рана.су даља истраживања релација општих и специјалних типова ЈХ, у оквиру исте фамилије површи. Анализом свих типова пресека површи ЈЕХ–а са равнима, уз успостављање корелација са поларним карактеристикама површи, створена је теоријска база знања, корисна за практичну примену целе површи, или њених исечака, у поступцима геометријског 3D моделовања. Модели–структуре, са задатим правилним матрицама, креирани 3D поступцима, од исечака правог или косог типа ЈЕХ–а, представљају прототип за широку палету могућности примене у архитектонском обликовању кровних површина или целих објеката. Сличан, практично применљив, резултат дао је и део истраживања везан за продоре основних површи другог степена и ЈЕХ–а. Овакве комбинације површи, у поступцима просторног геометријског моделовања су скуп смерница, као део иницијативе и инспирације за пројектанте и градитеље. Резулатати истраживања су реализовани и кроз две апликације у софтверу Auto CAD (писану Аuto–lispпрограмским језиком), која користи кружне пресеке ЈЕХ–а, за генерисање жичаног и површинског модела површи, са триангулисаном мрежом. Апликативност пресека површи по изводницама и кружницама, од значаја је за праксу грађења, која тежи једноставности извођења, а да при томе не умањује естетску вредност целокупне форме.Ова докторска теза носи и тежину едукативног значаја, јер на примеру једног типа правоизводне површи другог реда – једнограног елиптичког хиперболоида, пружа увиде и указује на могућности постављања нових геометријско–конструктивних оквира, у области теорије и практичне примене геометријских површи.
COMFORT AND ELEGANCE IN AUTO DESIGN Contoloru Violeta; Didu Anca; Rotea Cristina ...
IETI Transactions on Ergonomics and Safety,
05/2021, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Today we are witnessing a strong interference between industry and art. It can even be appreciated that an authentic artistic industry was created, which consists in the manufacture of products that ...combine useful qualities with aesthetic ones, going up to the deep psychological comfort that the product creates with the help of aesthetic value. The concept of industrial aesthetics, the argumentation of the beauty problem, the aspects, the guidelines and the own observations presented in the paper, to which is added an algorithm for the aesthetic evaluation of a product (beauty, attractiveness), reveals the numerous possibilities that the designer has at hand to meet the aesthetic requirements (comfort, elegance) of the products. The aesthetic indicators include appreciation criteria regarding the shape of the product, the ratio of shape-structure-functionality, shape-material, shape-color-ornament, shape-color-fashion-details, environmental form, appearance and finish, packaging and presentation of the product, expressivity trademarks etc. The design and aesthetics of the products are assets in the competitive struggle and elements of real differentiation of the products.
The paper underpins the reconstruction and analysis of a vehicle - motorcycle-biker-assembly collision type by means of a graphical method. The virtual modeling of the traffic accident reconstruction ...was achieved by complying the traces and the distances identified; hence it was imported and developed the accident scene sketch. Following the numerical processing of the simulation, the vehicles speed during the pre-collision, collision and post-collision phases was determined in graphical form, generating speed and space variation diagrams.
The paper underpins the reconstruction and analysis of a vehicle - motorcycle-biker-assembly collision type by means of a graphical method. The virtual modeling of the traffic accident reconstruction ...was achieved by complying the traces and the distances identified; hence it was imported and developed the accident scene sketch. Following the numerical processing of the simulation, the vehicles speed during the pre-collision, collision and post-collision phases was determined in graphical form, generating speed and space variation diagrams.
Three dimensional virtual modelling of existing objects (buildings or structures) is applicable in various fields of science and practice: architecture, civil engineering, urbanism, geology, ...mechanical engineering, video games and movie industry, medicine, archeology, safety of people and goods, etc. Photogrammetry, as a method of obtaining data of three-dimensional spatial structures based on two-dimensional images, is used, thanks to a number of software packages, for creating 3D models of objects and other spatial structures. This study analyses terrestrial semiautomatic and automatic photogrammetric methods, both presented through process of creating 3D model of an old existing historical building--Barutana (military gun powder warehouse), built in Ottoman empire, located in the fortress of the city of Nis in Serbia. The aim of the paper is comparison of two photogrammetric methods--semiautomatic and automatic in accuracy and efficiency through case study of Barutana.
Among the standard approaches concerning cultural heritage preservation, the architectural point of view deserves particular attention. The special place in medieval Serbian history of architecture ...belongs to the world famous monastery complexes Studenica, Dečani and Gračanica. Beside them numerous significant monuments (churches and monasteries) exist as witnesses of the national testimony, currently in the state of ruins, archaeological sites, or damaged ones. A lot of them have adequate needs for revitalisation, where the start point is engineering documentation. The focus of the research is on the role of specific geometric and engineering graphics tasks when these areas are concerning. Monastery church devoted to Introduction of Holy Theotokos in village Slavkovica (near town Ljig), with three old sarcophaguses, dated back to 15th century, is presented and analysed from several aspects: measuring, architectural style characteristics - geometric design, 3D modelling (classical-CAD and terrestrial photogrammetric) with visualization and presentation. The attention was paid on preservation of authentic architectural style and medieval building techniques, which allow imperfections in realization. The opinion of experienced scientists and specialists involved in all the phases of monument's revitalisation has been followed as a guideline to the final result - a proposed geometric design of the revitalised church in Slavkovica.
This paper deals with an issue of determination of the spatial coordinates within confined area in general terms. Mobile air space control stations were set and related to the system of spa- tial ...triangulation. As a result of the air space "scanning", targets appear in adequate representa- tion, representing identified aircrafts and other flying objects (FOs). The main objective is inter- pretation of collected data processing, in order to determine the reliable coordinates of an air- craft. The problem of false target identification occurs when data are analyzed from only two sta- tions. Descriptive Geometry method, for the construction of the planes containing rays targeted from the station towards the flying objects, in both classic-orthogonal projections and 3D model, as well, offers the solution of a problem. Dynamic 3D model consists of two flying objects, moni- tored from two stations in predefined time periods. The constructive 3D solutions represent geo- metrical locus of false targets trajectories, for several settings of flaying objects and monitoring stations. The analyses have shown geometrical positioning of the third station impact to the exact FO's coordinates determination. The geometrical solution could be the key for the development of numerical method, which will lead to applied software solution
PDF
