University of Prishtina, serving as an institution of education and science and as a centre of Albanian democratic and cultural movements, since its foundation was amongst the institutions on the ...target of Serbian regime. Upon abolition of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989, the Serbian regime started the discriminatory policies against the Albanian population, the overwhelming majority population in Kosovo, including the expulsion of the Albanian pupils and students from the schools and university premises, massive dismissals from work, etc. It was the academic year 1991/1992 when the doors of the University of Prishtina were closed to Albanian students and teachers. The University of Prishtina and its campus in the center of the capital Prishtina, libraries, institutes and student dormitories all remained available to Serbian and other non-Albanian teachers and students. The Albanian population created a parallel state, a unique example in the world, and such state created the parallel institutions in various fields of life, such as health, culture and education, including also the parallel University of Prishtina. This paper, in light of the sources of the time (documents in the Archive of the Rectorate of University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, published reports of the international organisations, press of the time) and the relevant historiography aims at elaborating: the initial protests and resistance of Albanian professors and students against the violent measures imposed by the Serbian regime; how the students and teachers were expelled from the facilities of the University of Prishtina; the procedures and the circumstances under which was established the Parallel University of Prishtina; how this parallel university functioned in the situation of pressure and continuous violence from the Serbian regime, at private facilities in the suburbs of the city; how the entire Albanian population from Kosovo was mobilized to support this university. The paper offers data from the unpublished documents which are stored at the Archive of the Rectorate of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, regarding the number of planned and enrolled students, which indicates how the political situation was reflected on the number of students who attended the university studies. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the students’ protests of 1997 by elaborating how this Parallel University, through the peaceful student protests, influenced the sensitizing of the international institutions and media on the question of the Albanian people in Kosovo. It emphasizes the important role of students represented by Independent Union of Students of the University of Prishtina (Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP), who gained the support and encouragement of international political personalities of the time for the continuation of peaceful student activism. Despite all the drastic challenges the Parallel University of Prishtina functioned in all the segments that characterize a university. All managerial mechanisms were developed, teaching was held in three cycles of study, even though only private premises were available but no laboratories, libraries and dormitories, new students were enrolled, staff were continuously recruited and promoted, and university textbooks were prepared. However, due to many factors, including the emigration of the Albanian population, the continuous violence by the Serbian police, and the financial difficulties of Albanian families, the number of students was constantly decreasing. In addition, this situation impacted their learning. The lack of literature and laboratories, teaching and learning in private premises and homes, the constant dangers and mistreatment by the Serbian regime, were making university studies a very difficult mission. However, the Parallel University of Prishtina turned into a centre of peaceful resistance and a symbol of determination to continue studies and advancement in the Albanian language regardless of the extreme political and social situation. The University did not interrupt the work even in the state of war, until 21 March 1999. All this readiness, will and peaceful resistance had gained the attention and respect of international opinion.
Južni Jadran 1918.: slučaj Albanije Drançolli Ramadani, Albina
Časopis za suvremenu povijest,
07/2022, Letnik:
54, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
During World War I, the Southern Adriatic, including the Albanian coast, witnessed a series of naval battles between the Allies and the Central Powers. Two pre-war Adriatic powers hastened to occupy ...two of the most important Albanian ports during the war: Italy occupied Vlorë, placing the Otranto Strait under Italian control, and Austria-Hungary occupied Durrës, from where the Central Powers attacked the Allies’ ships in the Mediterranean. Although the Central Powers held a superior position in the Adriatic at the beginning of the war, from 1916 the balance of forces started to change, and in spring 1918 the Allies were in a superior position. Major developments in the war, which was coming to an end, influenced the situation in the Southern Adriatic as well, and therefore the Great Powers became more attentive towards this part of the Balkans. In addition, they organised offensives and counter-offensives, such as those in April, in summer, and in October, the results of which showed the significance of Albanian ports in the war. They revealed the geostrategic importance of Vlorë, the possession or loss of which would change the naval situation in Adriatic. On the other hand, Durrës was not only an Austro-Hungarian naval base during the war, but also became a key port that the Central Powers relied on for supplies after the fall of Bulgaria. Therefore, the naval operation of Entente Powers in Durrës on 2 October 1918 and their victory was a step closer to the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The immediate reaction of Italy was to occupy two important ports in Albania, Durrës and Shëngjin.
Južni Jadran 1918.: slučaj Albanije Ramadani, Albina Drançolli
Časopis za suvremenu povijest,
07/2022, Letnik:
54, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Južni Jadran u povijesti je, uključujući i Prvi svjetski rat, imao veliku geostratešku važnost. Prije rata interese u Albaniji imale su Austro-Ugarska i Italija, no tijekom rata, a napose 1918., sve ...su sile pozorno pratile događanja uz njezinu obalu. U ovom će se članku na temelju novih relevantnih historiografskih i arhivskih izvora istražiti ključne pomorske operacije u južnom Jadranu tijekom 1918., godine koja označava razdoblje ofenziva dviju zaraćenih strana. Napose će se obraditi talijanska ofenziva izvedena uz potporu njezinih saveznika u Albaniji u srpnju 1918., kao i protuofenziva Austro-Ugarske, čiji se rezultati smatraju posljednjim uspjesima Centralnih sila tijekom rata. Iznijet će se i informacije o pomorskoj operaciji saveznika u Draču u listopadu 1918. kao posljednjem pomorskom sukobu na Jadranu u Prvom svjetskom ratu.
Mary Edith Durham was a British traveler, writer and artist who became known for her historical, anthropological and ethnographical writings dedicated to Albania. Her dedication to Albanian question ...on the eve and during the First World War influenced British diplomatic officials, international humanitarian organizations, prestigious press and influential personalities of the British public opinion. A great contribution was also her membership in the Anglo-Albanian Society, which appointed her an honorary secretary. She reflected the suffer of Albanian population, which she personally witnessed, in her correspondences and articles published in magazines and newspapers such as: “The Manchester Guardian”, “Near East”, “The Nations”, “Times”, “New Times and Ethiopia News”, “The Adriatic Review”, etc. During the First World War the support from Western Europe was more than neccesary for Albania therefore the contribution of Mary Edith Durham for Albanians was viewed with admiration by her collaborators, historians, anthropologists and ethnographs. Although she went in Albania for the last time in 1921, she worked for Albanian question for the rest of her life. In Albania she was called “ Mbretëresha e Malësorëve” and was awarded the prize during the period of King Zog I and during the period of democracy of nowadays Albania.
Mary Edith Durham, ishte një udhëpërshkruese, shkrimtare dhe artiste britanike, që u bë e famshme për shkrimet e saj historike, antropologjike, etnografike kushtuar Shqipërisë së fillimeve të shekullit XX. Duke qenë njohëse dhe mbrojtëse e denjë e çështjes shqiptare, ajo nëpërmes letrave e memorandumeve arriti të sensibilizonte qarqet qeveritare të Britanisë së Madhe, organizatat ndërkombëtare e humanitare, redaksitë prestigjioze të shtypit si dhe personat më ndikim në opinionin publik, për gjendjen e vështirë të shqiptarëve në prag dhe gjatë Luftës së parë botërore. Vuajtjet e këtij populli që ajo i kishte parë nga afër i shkroi në korrespondenca dhe artikuj të disa gazetave periodike të kohës, si: “The Manchester Guardian”, “The Near East”, “The Nations”, “The Times”, “New Times and Ethiopia News, “The Adriatic Review”, etj . Një kontribut të madh paraqiste edhe anëtarësimi i saj në Shoqatën Anglo-Shqiptare, shoqatë kjo e cila e shpalli edhe për sekretare të nderit. Shqipëria në kohën kur vepronte Mary Edith Durham kishte nevojë imediate për përkrahës të çështjes shqiptare nga Evropa perëndimore. Që këtej, për përkushtimin e Mary Edith Durham është shkruar me admirim edhe nga bashkëpunëtorët e bashkudhëtarët e saj, ashtu edhe nga historianë, antropologë e etnografë. Edhe pse për herë të fundit ishte në Shqipëri më 1921, ajo u mor me çështjen shqiptare me devotshmëri deri në fund të jetës. Jo rastësisht Mary Edith Durham u quajt, “Mbretëresha e Malësorëve” të Shqipërisë dhe mori shumë dekorata e mirënjohje, si në kohën e Zogut I-rë, mbretit të shqiptarëve, ashtu edhe në kohën e demokratizimit të Shqipërisë së sotme.
Мари Едит Дурхам била патописец, писателка и британска актерка, која стана позната по своите историски, антрополошки и етнографски статии посветени на Албанија од почетокот на XX век. Бидејќи била познавач и достоен бранител на албанското прашање, таа преку писма и меморандуми успеела да влијае врз владините кругови на Велика Британија, врз меѓународните хуманитарни организации, врз престижните редакции на печатот, како и врз влијателните личности за тешката состојба на Албанците пред и за време на Првата светска војна. Голем придонес претставуваало и нејзиното членство во англо-албанската асоцијација во која била назначена за почесен секретар. Страдањата на овој народ, на кои таа била сведок, ги пренесувала преку кореспонденциите и статиите објавени во неколку периодични весници од тоа време, како што се: „The Manchester Guardian”, „The Near East“, „The Nations”, „The Times”, „New Times and Ethiopia News”, „The Adriatic Review” и др. Албанија во времето кога дејствувала Мари Едит Дурхам имала потреба за поддршка на албанското прашање од Западна Европа. Оттука, за посветеноста на Мари Едит Дурхам е пишувано со восхит како од нејзините соработници, така и од историчарите, антрополозите и етнографите. Иако за последен пат била во Албанија, во 1921 година, таа работела на албанското прашање до крајот на животот. Мари Едит Дурхам во Албанија беше наречена „Кралица на планинците” на Албанија и добила многу награди како во времето на кралот Зогу I, така и во времето на демократизацијата на денешна Албанија.
