The Sentinel-3 (S3) mission is developed as part of the Copernicus Space Component (CSC) Programme to fulfil the space-based observation requirements in response to European policy priorities with a ...particular emphasis on the Copernicus core services as identified by the Commission. The Sentinel-3 main objectives are to measure sea-surface topography, sea- and land-surface temperature and ocean- and land-surface colour in support of ocean forecasting systems, and for environmental and climate monitoring. A series of Sentinel-3 satellites will ensure global, frequent and near-real time ocean, ice and land monitoring, with the provision of observation data in routine, long term (up to 20 years of operations) and continuous fashion, with a consistent quality and a high level of reliability and availability. Sentinel-3 carries an Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), a Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR), a SAR Radar altimeter (SRAL) supported by a Microwave Radiometer (MWR) and a suite of orbit determination instruments. A full description of Sentinel-3 can be found in Donlon et al (2012). The paper will focus on S3 optical payloads described in Nieke et al (2015) and Coppo et al (2015).
OLCI/SLSTR SYN L2 Algorithm and Products Overview Henocq, C.; North, P.; Heckel, A. ...
IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,
2018-July
Conference Proceeding
The Sentinel-3 SYNERGY (SYN) processing branch has been designed as a combination of the acquisition of the two optical instruments, the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) and the Sea and Land ...Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR), with the main objective to provide surface vegetation products similar to those obtained from the VEGETATION instrument on SPOT. Synergistic and collocated measurements from both OLCI and SLSTR are ingested in an aerosol retrieval module. Then for each 300m pixel, Aerosol optical thickness data and Surface directional reflectances are retrieved and outputted in S3 SYNERGY L2 products. A description of the whole processing chain from OLCI/SLSTR L1 products to SYN L2 ones will be provided followed by a detailed description of the SYN L2 products. Quality assessment of these products, performed by the S3 MPC consortium and using in situ comparisons with AERONET data and with PROBA-V data will be discussed. Finally, a third section will be dedicated to the development of a future global aerosol products and the possible evolutions of this SYNERGY processing branch. More details about the whole S3 algorithms and products can be found in the Sentinel 3 Handbook 1
By using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) we investigated the local ferroelectric behaviour of copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) films of various compositions and crystallinity. By means of the STM we ...examined locally the variation of the film thickness as a function of the poling voltage (a newly developed microscopic adaptation of the so-called “butterfly” technique), achieving an accuracy of better than 1 Å in height and a lateral resolution in the nanometer range. We could clearly distinguish the different ferroelectric switching behaviour of the amorphous and crystalline domains. In addition, we were able to detect the switching of individual crystallites, the analogue to the Barkhausen-effect in ferromagnetic materials, which has not been seen so far in ferroelectric systems. Finally, our observation of a spread-out but strong ferroelectric switching also in the amorphous regions of sample is not compatible with the current theoretical structural model of a strictly non-ferroelectric amorphous phase enclosing the ferroelectric crystallites.
ESA's Sentinel-3 Mission - Status and Performance Mecklenburg, S.; Dransfeld, S.; Gascon, F. ...
IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,
2018-July
Conference Proceeding
The Sentinel-3 mission forms part of the Copernicus Space Component. Its main objectives are to measure sea-surface topography, sea- and land-surface temperature and ocean- and land-surface colour in ...support of ocean forecasting systems, and for environmental and climate monitoring. The series of Sentinel-3 satellites will ensure global, frequent and near-real time ocean, ice and land monitoring, with the provision of observation data in routine, long term (up to 20 years of operations) and continuous fashion, with a consistent quality and a high level of reliability and availability. The Sentinel-3 mission addresses these requirements by implementing and operating the following instruments, building on experience and heritage from the ERS and ENVISAT missions: *A dual frequency, delay-Doppler Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (SRAL) instrument supported by a dual frequency passive microwave radiometer (MWR) for wet-tropospheric correction, and a Precise Orbit Determination package. This combined package provides measurements of sea-surface height and topography measurements over sea ice, ice sheets, rivers and lakes. *A highly sensitive Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI) delivering multichannel wide-swath optical measurements for ocean and land surfaces. With 21 bands, compared to the 15 on Envisat's MERIS, a design optimised to minimise sun-glint and, a resolution of 300 m over all surfaces, OLCI marks a new generation of measurements over the ocean and land. The swath of OCLI and nadir SLSTR fully overlap. *A dual-view Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) delivering accurate surface ocean, land, and ice temperature, with an accuracy better than 0.3 K. SLSTR measures in 9 spectral channels and two additional bands optimised for fire monitoring. SLSTR has a spatial resolution in the visible and shortwave infrared channels of 500 m and 1 km in the thermal infrared channels.
The Copernicus Programme, being Europe's Earth Observation and Environment Monitoring Programme led by the European Union, aims to provide, on a sustainable basis, reliable and timely services ...related to environmental and security issues. The Copernicus Programme uses multiple source data and comprises a service component, a space infrastructure component and an in-situ component. The objective of the Copernicus Space Component (CSC) Programme is to fulfil the space-based observation requirements in response to European policy priorities with a particular emphasis on the Copernicus core services as identified by the European Commission. It aims at developing a fully operational capability in view of feeding Copernicus services with satellite data. The CSC Programme also aims at the operational provision of satellite data for other European and national services. The main data source for the CSC Programme are the Sentinels, dedicated missions providing continuity to past or present data sets. In addition, the CSC Programme covers the development and operations of a Data Access Layer, the Coordinated Data access System (CDS), aiming at providing Copernicus Services also with satellite data from other missions (by ESA, National, EUMETSAT and other Third Party Missions) that are of relevance to the overall space component of Copernicus.
This paper discusses results from 12 months of a Round Robin exercise aimed at the inter-comparison of different cloud detection algorithms for Proba-V. Clouds detection is a critical issue for ...satellite optical remote sensing, since potential errors in cloud masking directly translates into significant uncertainty in the retrieved downstream geophysical products. Cloud detection is particularly challenging for Proba-V due to the presence of a limited number of spectral bands and the lack of thermal infrared bands. The main objective of the project was the inter-comparison of several cloud detection algorithms for Proba-V over a wide range of surface types and environmental conditions. Proba-V Level 2a products have been distributed to six different algorithm providers representing companies and research institutes in several European countries. The considered cloud detection approaches are based on different strategies: Neural Network, Discriminant Analysis, Multi-spectral and Multi-textural Thresholding, Self-Organizing Feature Maps, Dynamic Thresholding, and physically-based retrieval of Cloud Optical Thickness. The results from all algorithms were analysed and compared against a reference dataset, consisting of a large number (more than fifty thousands) of visually classified pixels. The quality assessment was performed according to a uniform methodology and the results provide clear indication on the potential best-suited approach for next Proba-V cloud detection algorithm.
Only the 1,2‐diphosphacyclobutadiene and none of its 1,3 isomer was obtained in the reaction of 1 with tBuC≡P to give 2. In complex 1, which was prepared from TaCl2(η5‐C5Me5)(CO)2(thf) and tBuC≡P, ...the phosphaalkyne adopts an η2(4e) bonding mode according to NMR data, crystal structure analysis, and theoretical calculations.
We have studied, by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the structure of gold films, 400 Å thick covering the surface of spincoated ferroelectric polymer samples. We found the structure of ...the gold film to be strongly dependent on the previous treatment and history of the polymer sample before it was covered by the gold film. Gold films evaporated on non-annealed, and therefore amorphous polymer samples, adopt an irregular island structure as often observed for gold films on glass surfaces. However, gold films on annealed crystalline or even poled polymer samples show a regular striation pattern strongly resembling the expected lamellar domain structure of the polymer surface. We believe that either the surface electric field of the ferroelectric crystalline domains or the stronger chemical affinity of gold to one of the polarization dependent surface atoms of the polymer (fluorine or hydrogen) are responsible for the anomalous wetting pattern of gold on the polymer surface. In summary, we have observed a surprisingly effective new decoration of the ferroelectric domains by evaporated gold films.
