Abstract
Characterizing the genetic diversity and structure of populations is essential for understanding their evolutionary history and planning species conservation. The lesser spotted eagle ...(Clanga pomarina) is a large migratory raptor with a relatively small breeding range concentrated in Eastern Europe. We evaluated the level of genetic diversity and population structuring by estimating the length diversity of 23 microsatellite markers in 306 individuals and sequencing 473 nucleotides from the mitochondrial pseudo-control region in 265 individuals across the distribution range. The microsatellite data suggested shallow differentiation between geographical regions and moderate genetic diversity across the range; no recent population bottlenecks were detected. Mitochondrial diversity was relatively low; however, high values were recorded at the southern edge of the distribution range. This, in combination with the star-like distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes, suggests the expansion of the European population from a single (Balkan) refugium during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene after the glacial population bottleneck. However, the Caucasian population may have survived in a separate refugium. We conclude that the lack of clear population structuring and ongoing gene flow across Europe support the treatment of the geographically restricted global population of the lesser spotted eagle as a single evolutionary and conservation unit.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
During 2018–2022, the local breeding population of the long-legged buzzard (
) in southeastern Bulgaria was monitored in the territory of three districts of Sliven, Yambol and Burgas. Diet data were ...collected in 15 breeding pairs. Overall, we identified 290 prey items. We used three methods for diet analysis that produced different results: (1) collecting prey remains (68 individuals, 23.5%), (2) collecting pellets and skeletal materials (42 individuals, 14.5%), and (3) collecting data on a diet using trail cameras (180 individuals, 62.1%). The dominant part of the diet formed mammalian species (69.3%, ten species and some undetermined Rodentia and other Mammalia). Birds were less represented but with similar species richness (21.0%, 11 species and pigeons (
sp.), thrushes (
sp.), undetermined Passeriformes and Galliformes). Compared to birds, the proportion of Reptilia was lower (9.3%, two species). Amphibia were represented only with one specimen of the common toad (
). The dominant diet of long-legged buzzards in southeastern Bulgaria was European souslik (
, 31.0%), followed by sibling vole (
, 25.5%). Less abundant taxa were undetermined Passeriformes (6.9%), lesser mole rat (
, 5.9%), pigeons (4.5 %), blotched snake (
, 3.8%), Balkan green lizard (
, 3.5%), European hare (
, 3.1%), common magpie (
, 2.8%), Colubridae (1.7%), common blackbird (
, 1.4%), domestic chicken (
, 1.0%) and Eurasian skylark (
, 1.0%).
was the most abundant species in the Yambol district samples and the most abundant species in the data obtained from trail cameras. In the Burgas district, the dominant species was
. When comparing the diet spectrum of
from other authors, birds occurred more frequently than reptiles in our material.
The 7th International Conference on the Conservation of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was held on October 2-5, 2013 at the Barónka Hotel in Bratislava, Slovakia, organised by Raptor ...Protection of Slovakia (RPS) in cooperation with the Czech Society for Ornithology and MME/BirdLife Hungary, under the auspices of the Ministry for Environment of the Slovak Republic, supported by the International Visegrad Fund. Results of research by 43 experts from ten countries, including three countries of the Visegrad region - Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary - were presented in 20 lectures and five posters. The conference featured several accompanying events, such as an excursion to imperial eagle breeding sites in the surroundings of the conference venue, a demonstration ofwork by a dog specially trained in Hungary for seeking poisoned bait and birds, and an exhibition of drawings and paintings by children from the Visegrad region focusing on birds of prey. During the conference a workshop was held to start the process ofupdating the present International Action Plan for the species from 1996. Furthermore, the action plan for improving the conservation status ofpopulations of the eastern imperial eagle in the Visegrad countries was agreed by the experts from those countries.
V dnoch 2-5. októbra 201 3 sa na Slovensku konala 7. medzinárodná konferencia zameraná na ochranu orla královského (Aquila heliaca), v priestoroch hotela Barónka v Bratislave, ktorá bola organizovaná Ochranou dravcov na Slovensku (Raptor Protection of Slovakia - RPS) v spolupráci s Ceskou ornitologickou spolocnostou a Madarskou spolocnostou pre ornitológiu a ochranu prírody/BirdLife, pod záštitou Ministerstva životného prostredia SR a s podporou Medzinárodného vyšehradského fondu. Výsledky 43 expertov z 1 0 krajín, zahrnajúc aj tri krajiny Vyšehradského regiónu - Slovensko, Ceskú republiku a Madarskú republiku, boli prezentované formou 20 prednášok a piatich posterov. V priebehu konferencie sa realizovalo niekolko sprievodných akcií ako exkurzia na hniezdiská orlov královských v okolí miesta konferencie, demonštrácia cinnosti špeciálne cviceného psa na vyhladávanie otrávených návnad a vtákov, výstava malieb a kresieb detí z krajín Vyšehradského regiónu, zameraných na dravé vtáky. Pocas konferencie prebiehal tiež workshop, zameraný na iniciovanie procesu aktualizácie súcasného medzinárodného akcného plánu pre oral královského z roku 1 996. Dalej bol expertmi z Vyšehradského regiónu odsúhlasený akcný plán na podporu ochrany populácie orla královského v krajinách V4.
The International Conference on the Conservation of the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina) was held on September 25-27, 2014 in Lesanka Gesthouse at Košická Belá, Slovakia. It was organised by ...Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) in cooperation with Východoslovenská energetika Holding a.s. The conference dealt with (i) delivering further inputs for updating the European Action Plan for the species, (ii) sharing information on biology and ecology of the species, and (iii) exchange of experience with best practice and innovative species conservation measures. A total of 59 participants from 1 4 countries attended the conference. The agenda included 17 presentations and 7 posters. Some of the contributions are published in Slovak Raptor Journal volume 9 (2015) as full papers, and a further 23 contributions are published as abstracts. The conference also included two field trips during which participants had the opportunity to observe the installation of console barriers on poles of 22 kV power lines, and typical habitats of the lesser spotted eagle. The conference was organized within the framework of the project LIFE09NAT/SK/000396 Conservation of Aquila pomarina in Slovakia, implemented by Raptor Protection of Slovakia, Východoslovenská energetika Holding a.s., Stredoslovenská energetika, a.s. and Stredoslovenská energetika-Distribúcia, a.s. The project was cofinanced by EU-LIFE and the Ministry for Environment of the Slovak Republic.
Medzinárodná konferencia o ochrane orla kriklavého (Aquila pomarina) sa konala 25. - 27. septembra 2014 v Penzióne Lesanka v Košickej Belej na Slovensku. Zorganizovala ju Ochrana dravcov na Slovensku (RPS) v spolupráci s Východoslovenskou energetikou Holding a.s. Konferencia bola zameraná na prípravu podkladov pre aktualizáciu európskeho akcného plánu pre orla kriklavého, zdielanie informácií o biológii a ekológia druhu a na výmenu skúseností s osvedcenými alebo inovatívnymi opatreniami pre zachovanie orla kriklavého. Konferencie sa zúcastnilo celkom 59 úcastníkov zo 14 krajín. Na konferencii odznelo 17 príspevkov a bolo prezentovaných 7 posterov. Niektoré z týchto príspevkov sú publikované v casopise Slovak Raptor Journal 9 (2015), dalších 23 príspevkov sú publikované formou konferencných abstraktov. Program konferencie zahrnal aj 2 exkurzie, pocas ktorých mali úcastníci možnost vidiet ukážku inštalácie konzolových chrániciek na stlpoch 22 kV elektrického vedenia a typické biotopy orla kriklavého. Konferencia bola organizovaná v rámci projektu LIFE09NAT/SK/000396 Ochrana orla kriklavého na Slovensku, ktorý realizovala Ochrana dravcov na Slovensku, Východoslovenská energetika Holding a.s., Stredoslovenská energetika, a.s. a Stredoslovenská energetika-Distribúcia, a.s. Projekt bol spolufinancovaný Európskou úniou prostredníctvom financného nástroja LIFE a Ministerstvom životného prostredia Slovenskej republiky.
The International Conference on the Conservation of the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina) was held on September 25-27, 2014 in Lesanka Guesthouse at Košická Belá, Slovakia. The Conference was ...organized within the framework of the project LIFE09NAT/SK/000396 Conservation of Aquila pomarina in Slovakia, implemented by Raptor Protection of Slovakia, Východoslovenská energetika, a.s., Stredoslovenská energetika, a.s., and Stredoslovenská energetika - Distribúcia, a.s. This project was cofinanced by EU-LIFE and the Ministry for the Environment of the Slovak Republic. A total of 59 participants from 14 countries attended the conference. The conference agenda included 17 presentations and 7 posters. Some of the contributions are published in Slovak Raptor Journal volume 9 (2015) as full papers, and a further 23 contributions are published here as conference abstracts.
Since 2005 a breeding pair of A. pomarina has been observed near the village of Drienovec, Košice-Environs district, eastern Slovakia. Since 2009 occupied nests have been found each year with the ...subject pair. In the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013 this pair successfully reared one young A. pomarina, but in 2012 they reared two B. buteo young during the nesting period in natural conditions and without the intervention of human beings. This is the first such documented case in the entire breeding grounds ofA. pomarina.
Od roku 2005 bolo pozorované hniezdenie páru A. pomarina pri obci Drienovec, okres Košice okolie, východné Slovensko. Od roku 2009 boli u predmetného páru nájdené každorocne obsadené hniezda. V rokoch 2009, 2010, 2011 a 201 3 uvedený pár úspešne odchoval jedno mláda A. pomarina. V roku 2012 vychoval tento pár dve mládatá B. buteo v prirodzených podmienkach bez zásahu cloveka do priebehu hniezdenia. Je to prvý takýto zdokumentovaný prípad v celom hniezdnom areáli A. pomarina.
Hybridization is a significant threat for endangered species and could potentially even lead to their extinction. This concern applies to the globally vulnerable Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, ...a species that co-occurs, and potentially interbreeds, with the more common Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina in a vast area of Eastern Europe. We applied single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and microsatellite markers in order to study hybridization and introgression in 14 European spotted eagle populations. We detected hybridization and/or introgression in all studied sympatric populations. In most regions, hybridization took place prevalently between A. pomarina males and A. clanga females, with introgression to the more common A. pomarina. However, such a pattern was not as obvious in regions where A. clanga is still numerous. In the course of 16 years of genetic monitoring of a mixed population in Estonia, we observed the abandonment of A. clanga breeding territories and the replacement of A. clanga pairs by A. pomarina, whereby on several occasions hybridization was an intermediate step before the disappearance of A. clanga. Although the total number of Estonian A. clanga x A. pomarina pairs was twice as high as that of A. clanga pairs, the number of pairs recorded yearly were approximately equal, which suggests a higher turnover rate in interbreeding pairs. This study shows that interspecific introgressive hybridization occurs rather frequently in a hybrid zone at least 1700-km wide: it poses an additional threat for the vulnerable A. clanga, and may contribute to the extinction of its populations.
S. uralensis is a typical silvatic species, specialized for this life style through its biology and diet. Synanthropization is a rare phenomenon in this species, reflected in the changes of diet and ...hunting strategies, adapting to the characteristics of the urban environment. Between November 22, 1993 and June 2, 1994, an individual of the Ural Owl was observed 39 times in the urban areas of Košice city. The examination of the pellets revealed that the Ural Owl specialized in hunting Streptopelia decaocto (76.7%) and Columba livia f. domestica (13.4%). These results were confirmed by observations of S. uralensis hunting S. decaocto. This discovery is the first direct evidence of S. uralensis diet adaptation to S. decaocto and feral C. livia f. domestica in Slovakia.
S. uralensis je typickým obyvateľom lesov, k čomu je prispôsobená aj jeho biológia a potravné zloženie. Proces synantropizácie u tohto druhu je výnimočným javom, s čím súvisí aj zmena jeho potravy a spôsob lovu vzhľadom na špecifické mestské prostredie. V čase od 22. 11. 1993 do 2. 6. 1994 v mestskom prostredí mesta Košice bol pozorovaný jeden ex. 39 krát. Analýza vývržkov potvrdila v tomto prípade potravnú špecializáciu S. uralensis na Streptopelia decaocto (76,7 %) a Columba livia f. domestica (13,4 %). Výsledky sa potvrdili aj priamymi pozorovaniami, kedy S. uralensis ulovili jedince S. decaocto. Toto zistenie predstavuje prvý doklad potravnej špecializácie S. uralensis na S. decaocto a mestské holuby na Slovensku.
Several estimates of the lesser spotted eagle breeding population in Slovakia were published in 1955-2002. In this study we estimate the breeding population of the lesser spotted eagle by 1997 and ...2014. By 1997, the estimated size of the breeding population was 762 pairs. In 2002 an estimate of the population size by 2000 was published at 800-900 pairs. By 2014 we estimate the breeding population of the lesser spotted eagle in Slovakia at 600-800 pairs and the declining population trend in 2000-2013 at -23%. Our estimate is supported by the extrapolation from data obtained in 2011-2013 in eight selected Special Protection Areas (SPAs) within a framework of the project LIFE09 NAT/SK/000396 “Conservation of Aquila pomarina in Slovakia”. When analyzing abundance, density and trends in the species’ entire breeding range in Slovakia we first summarised the numbers of breeding pairs, their densities and trends within the selected SPAs and then explored the differences among them using ANOVA and cluster analysis. For the eight SPAs as a whole (n = 8) or partitioned by a grid of the Databank of Slovak Fauna (n = 119 squares) we calculated the interval estimates of the mean number of pairs (unweighted and weighted arithmetic means and medians). By summarising these estimates and extrapolating to the species’ entire breeding range in Slovakia (c. 28,935 km2) while increasing the sample size (n = 8, 9, 11 and 1 2 SPAs), the size estimates stabilise at a level of 670 (mean with 95%LCL = 507 and 95%UCL = 834) or 765 (median with 95%LCL = 393 and 95%UCL = 841 ) breeding pairs. The most reliable estimate of the breeding population of the lesser spotted eagle in Slovakia by 2014 is a median of 765 pairs with a 95% confidence interval from 393 to 841 pairs and an interquartile range from 418 to 835 pairs. We estimate a 23% decrease in the breeding population during 2000-2013, i.e. a small decrease -1 (20-49%). Three methods of estimating were used: 1 ) comparing the numbers of pairs in the selected SPAs between 2000 and 2014 - indicates a decrease of -26%; 2) comparing the numbers of pairs from long-term monitoring in five areas (orographic units Vihorlatské vrchy Mts, Laborecká vrchovina Upland, Volovské vrchy Mts, Orava and Horné Ponitrie Regions) by the 1990s and 2014 - indicates a decrease of -20%; 3) comparing the numbers of pairs by 1997 in selected areas within the boundaries of the current SPAs with the number of pairs in the same SPAs by 2014 - indicates a decrease of -23%. In the eight selected SPAs the estimated decline was even more pronounced, reaching a median trend of -35% in the 95% confidence interval from -54% to +25%. The estimate by 1997 fits in with an increasing trend of published breeding population estimates in Slovakia during 1955-2002. The estimate by 2014 is lower than the estimate by 2000, and for the first time ever a declining trend is recorded. By 2014 the breeding grounds of the lesser spotted eagle in Slovakia embrace an area of c. 28,935 km
. Taking an estimate of 600-800 breeding pairs, the mean density varies between 2.1-2.8 pairs.100 km
Odhad pocetnosti hniezdnej populácie orla kriklavého na Slovensku bol publikovaný v rokoch 1955-2002. V tejto štúdii odhadujeme pocetnost hniezdnej populácie orla kriklavého k rokom 1997 a 2014. K roku 1997 bol odhadnutý celkový pocet 762 párov. V roku 2002 bol publikovaný odhad pocetnosti k roku 2000 vo výške 800-900 párov. K roku 2014 odhadujeme pocetnost hniezdnej populácie orla kriklavého na Slovensku na 600-800 párov a klesajúci trend vývoja populácie v rokoch 2000-2013 priemerne -23%. Náš odhad je podložený výsledkami extrapolácie údajov, získaných v rokoch 2011-2013 z ôsmich vybraných chránených vtácích území v rámci riešenia projektu LIFE09 NAT/SK/000396 „Ochrana orla kriklavého na Slovensku“. Pri štatistickej analýze pocetnosti, hustôt a trendov pre celý areál hniezdneho rozšírenia druhu na Slovensku sme vychádzali zo sumarizovaných poctov hniezdnych párov, ich hustôt a trendov vo vybraných územiach a z ich stratifikácie podla výsledkov ANOVA a zhlukovej analýzy. Pre 8 chránených vtácích území vcelku (n = 8) i v clenení podla kvadrátov Databanky Fauny Slovenska (n = 119) sme vypocítali intervalové odhady stredných hodnôt poctu párov (prosté i vážené aritmetické priemery a mediány). Ich sumarizáciou pri postupnom zväcšovaní vzorky (n = 8, 9, 11a 12) a extrapoláciou na celý areál hniezdneho rozšírenia druhu na Slovensku (ca 28 935 km2) sa výsledné odhady stredných hodnôt stabilizovali na úrovni 670 (aritmetický priemer s 95%LCL = 507 a 95%UCL = 834) resp. 765 (medián s 95%LCL = 393 a 95%UCL = 841) hniezdnych párov. Ako najspolahlivejší odhad pocetnosti hniezdnej populácie orla kriklavého na Slovensku k roku 2014 vychádza medián 765 párov v 95 %-nom intervale spolahlivosti od 393 do 841 párov a s medzikvartilovým rozpätím od 418 do 835 párov. Odhadujeme 23 %-ný pokles celoslovenskej populácie v rokoch 2000-2013, co predstavuje mierny pokles -1 (20-49 %). Vychádza z troch spôsobov odhadovania: 1) porovnanie poctu hniezdnych párov vo vybraných chránených vtácích územiach k roku 2000 a 2014 - poukazuje na pokles -26 %; 2) porovnanie poctu hniezdnych párov v piatich dlhodobo monitorovaných územiach orografických celkov Vihorlatské vrchy, Laborecká vrchovina, Volovské vrchy a regiónov Orava a Horné Ponitrie v 90- tych rokoch 20. storocia a k roku 2014 - poukazuje na pokles -20 %; 3) porovnanie poctu hniezdnych párov k roku 1997 vo vybraných územiach v hraniciach súcasných chránených vtácích území s poctom hniezdnych párov v tých istých chránených vtácích územiach k roku 2014 - poukazuje na pokles -23 %. V 8 vybraných chránených vtácích územiach bol štatisticky odhadnutý pokles pocetnosti hniezdnej populácie A. pomarina ešte výraznejší, a to až na úrovni mediánového trendu -35 % v 95 %-nom intervale spolahlivosti od -54 % do +25 %. Odhad k roku 1997 zapadá do vzostupného trendu vývoja publikovaných odhadov pocetnosti hniezdnej populácie druhu na Slovensku v rokoch 1955-2002. Odhad k roku 2014 ukazuje už menší pocet hniezdnych párov v porovnaní s odhadom k roku 2000 a prvýkrát v histórii sa zaznamenáva klesajúci trend. K roku 2014 sa hniezdny areál orla kriklavého na Slovensku rozprestiera na ploche ca 28935 km
a pri odhadovanom pocte 600-800 hniezdnych párov je denzita priemerne 2,1-2,8 hniezdnych párov.100 km
.
In 2011–201 4 monitoring of the lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) breeding population was conducted in eight
special protection areas in Slovakia. From a total of 272 successful breeding ...attempts by 1 49 breeding pairs during 4 breeding
seasons 277 young birds were fledged. The average reproductive success ratio was thus 0.51 juv./pair present, 0.69 juv./breeding
pair and 1 .37 juv./1 00 km2. In the surveyed period a total of 1 51 protection zones were established around the nests in 11 9 breeding
territories, which provided protection for 1 7% of the breeding population of the lesser spotted eagle in Slovakia. By testing
the effectiveness of protection zones it was determined that in nests with an established protection zone the probability of successful
raising of young is higher in comparison with nests without such a zone. The probability that breeding will be successful in the
nests of breeding pairs without a protection zone was 48.1% (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 37.4–59.0%), and in nests with
a protection zone 64.8% (95% CIs: 59.8–69.6%). Among the five most frequent nest tree species used by A. pomarina in Slovakia
for breeding are Picea abies 61 × (28.4%), Pinus sylvestris 45× (20.9%), Quercus sp. 36× (1 6.7%), Fagus sylvatica 25× (11 .6%)
and Abies alba 1 8× (8.4%). Among the rarer nest tree species used are Larix decidua 1 2× (5.6%) and Alnus glutinosa 3× (1 .4%),
while a further 11 species of nest trees did not achieve even 1%. The highest number of nest trees (n = 21 5), i.e. 34 nests (1 5.8%),
was found in the altitude range of 401–450 m a.s.l. and 29 nests (1 3.5%) at 351–400 m a.s.l. Other altitude zones were all below
the 1 0% mark. A total of 54% of nests found (11 6 nests) are located in the altitude zone of 301–600 m a.s.l., and 71 nests (33%)
in the zone 600–900 m a.s.l. The lowest situated nest was at an altitude of 1 50 m and the highest at 950 m; the average was
595.01 m a.s.l. The highest number of nests (n = 209) were located on trees in a range 1 5.1–20.0 m above the ground (n = 92,
44%), while the lowest nest found was at a height of 5 m and the highest at 30 m above the ground.
V rokoch 2011 – 2014 sa realizoval monitoring hniezdnej populácie orla krikľavého (Aquila pomarina) v ôsmich chránených vtáčích územiach na Slovensku. U 149 hniezdnych párov z celkových 272 úspešných hniezdení počas 4 hniezdnych sezón vyletelo 277 mláďat. Priemerná reprodukčná úspešnosť predstavovala 0,51 juv./prítomný pár, 0,69 juv./hniezdiaci pár a 1,37 juv./100 km2. V uvedenom období bolo okolo hniezd orlov krikľavých ustanovených celkom 151 ochranných zón, ktoré zabezpečili ochranu 119 hniezdnych teritórií, čo predstavuje cca 17 % hniezdnej populácie orla krikľavého na Slovensku. Testovaním účinnosti ochranných zón sa zistilo, že v hniezdach s vyhlásenou ochrannou zónou je vyššia pravdepodobnosť úspešného odchovania mláďat v porovnaní s hniezdami bez takejto zóny. Pravdepodobnosť, že hniezdenie bude úspešné v hniezdach hniezdiacich párov bez ochrannej zóny bola 48.1% (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 37.4–59.0%), v hniezdach s ochrannou zónou 64.8% (95% CIs: 59.8–69.6%). Medzi 5 najčastejšie využívaných hniezdnych stromov na hniezdenie A. pomarina na Slovensku patrí Picea abies 61× (28,4%), Pinus sylvestris 45× (20,9%), Quercus sp. 36× (16,7%), Fagus sylvatica 25× (11,6%) a Abies alba 18× (8,4%). Medzi zriedkavejšie druhy hniezdnych stromov patrí Larix decidua 12× (5,6%) a Alnus glutinosa 3× (1,4%), ďalších 11 druhov hniezdnych stromov nedosiahli 1 %. Najvyšší počet hniezdnych stromov (n = 215), tj. 34 hniezd (15,8%) sa nachádzal v intervale nadmorskej výšky 401 – 450 m a 29 hniezd (13,5%) v intervale 351 – 400 m n. m. Ostatné výškové pásma boli pod hranicou 10%. 54% zistených hniezd (116 hniezd) sa nachádza vo výškovom pásme 301 – 600 m n. m., 71 hniezd (33%) v pásme 600 – 900 m n. m. Najnižšie situované hniezdo bolo v nadmorskej výške 150 m a najvyššie 950 m, priemer bol 595,01 m. Najvyšší počet hniezd (n = 209) bol na strome umiestnený v rozmedzí 15,1 – 20,0 m (n = 92, 44,02%). Najnižšie zistené hniezdo bolo vo výške 5 m a najvyššie 30 m nad zemou.
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